Emersons Philosophy Essay -- Emerson Philosophy Philosophical Essays

Emersons Philosophy Emerson placed an emphasis on three primary aspects of keep that illustrate the most crucial elements of humanity nature, education and action. According to his theology, nature is the chief facet and because of its universal features, it arguably encompasses the remaining two tenets. Nature supports turn up and action by providing physical accommodations in the form of material assets while simultaneously feeding the emotional hunger of man with inspirational beauty. His entire ism is embedded in the belief that an external presence shapes and influences the spiritual, intellectual, and physical elements of the individual. In fact, virtually every aspect of man can be traced back to the sinless order of nature. The way in which one views the phenomenon of nature can define the character of that individual. How one interprets the sight of nature has the ability to identify that individual as a poet. One who views nature simply and at face value like a c hild rather than manipulating and falsely analyzing as an adult would, is a poet. Emer...

Invisible Man Essay: Values of the Invisible Man -- Invisible Man Essa

Values of the Invisible Man Ralph Ellisons Invisible Man is the story of an educated black man who has been oppressed and controlled by white men throughout his life. As the narrator, he is nameless throughout the novel as he journeys from the South, where he studies at an all-black college, to Harlem where he joins a Communist-like party known as the Brotherhood. Throughout the novel, the narrator is on a search for his true identity. Several letters are given to him by outsiders that provide him with a role student, patient, and a member of the Brotherhood. One by one he discards these as he continues to grow closer to the sense of his true self. As the novel ends, he decides to blur in an abandoned cellar, plotting to undermine the whites. The entire story can be summed up when the narrator says Im an invisible man and it placed me in a hole- or showed me the hole I was in.... During the novel, the narrator comes to value several intangibles that eventually back up to shape h is identity. Through his experiences and the people he has met, the narrator discovers the important value of his education, his invisibility, and his grandfathers advice. From the really beginning of the novel the narrator values his education. His education first brings him a calfskin briefcase, when the superintendent rewards him for his success, saying Take this prize and keep it well. Consider it a badge of office. Prize it. Keep developing as you are and some day it will be filled with important papers that will help shape the destiny of your people. The narrator treasures the briefcase so much because it symbolizes his education. He carries it throughout the whole novel, and it is the only object he takes into the cellar fro... ...ture and History. 1996 ed. Kelly, Robin D.G. Communist party of the United States. Encyclopaedia of African-American Culture and History. 1996 ed. Internet Sources Bellow, Saul. Man Underground Review of Ralph Ellisons Invisible Man. Commen tary. June 1952. 1st December 1999<http//www.english.upeen.edu/afilreis /50s/bellow-on-ellison.html Earl, Gerald. Decoding Ralph Ellison Essay obtained from IGC.org Summer 97. 30 November. <http//www.igc.org/dissent/archive/summer97/early.html Howe, Irving. Black Boys and Native Sons English Dept. at Univ. Penn. 1 December 1999 <http//www.english.upenn.edu/afilreis/50s/howe-blackboys.html. Howe, Irving. Review of Ralph Ellisons Invisible Man Pub. The Nation. 10 May 1952. 30 November 1999. <http//www.english.upenn.edu/afilreis/50s/howe-on-ellison.html.

Standardized Testing Provides an Inexpensive and Reliable Indicator of

Standardized Testing Provides an Inexpensive and Reliable Indicator of pupil Learning and Achievement The question of assessment in the "school system, individual schools, and teachers has evoked strong and sometimes violent emotions from the educational community, the general public and their legislative representatives"(Brown & Knight, 1994). Assessment based on standardized experiments has been looked at very closely over the recent years, and some people have even mentioned that they be eliminated completely. Those who feel traditional methods should be replaced by alternative methods. These people feel that demonstration, exhibition, investigation, oral response, portfolio, and written responses are all examples of alternative assessments and should be incorporated in the classroom. They in addition feel that peer assessment should be incorporated because disciples learn a great deal from each other, and with large student numbers, "the importance of student f eedback increases as the availability of tutor feedback decreases"(Brown & Knight, 1994).G.I Maeroff wrote the first article I read he feels that assessment of students achievement is changing, largely because todays students face a manhood that will demand new knowledge and abilities. "In the global economy of the 21st century, students will non only need to understand the basics, but also to think critically, to analyze, and to make inferences" (Maeroff, 1991). The author clearly identifies that we often believe that what get assessed is what get taught and that the format of assessment influences the format of instruction. Contrary to our understanding of how students learn, "many assessments test facts and skills in isolation, seldom requiring students to apply what they already know and can do it in real life situations"(Maeroff, 1991). He feels the problem with standardized tests is that they do not match the emerging content standards, and over relian ce on this type of assessment often leads to instruction that "stresses the basic knowledge and skills" (Maeroff, 1991). The article reassures that rather than changes in instruction toward the engaged learning that will prepare students for the future, these test will encourage instruction of less important skills and passive learning. "Although the basic skills may be important goals of ... ...nt is expensive and difficult to develop, administer and score, which makes their usefulness for large-scale assessment questionable. If these alternative exercises achieve comparable reliability and validity, wouldnt they in effect have last standardized as well? The issue is not whether or not one form of assessment is better than another no assessment model is suited for every utilization. The real issue is choosing appropriately among the variables that apply the most suitable model for the students. It is necessary to determine what information is sufficient to each purp ose before you decide what format that you are going to teach. The best way to do our students justice is to use as wide as possible a mixture of all the assessment methods this will allow all the students to show their strengths and weaknesses. BibliographyBrown, S and Knight, P (1994). Assessing Learners in Higher Education. Kogan Page, London.Linn, R.L., Baker, & S. B. Dunbar. (1991). Complex, Performance-Based Assessment Expectations and Validation Criteria. educational Researcher, 20 (8), pp. 15-21.Maeroff, G.I. (1991). Assessing Alternative Assessment. Phi Delta Kappan, 73 (4), pp. 273-281).

Equality: Equal Treatment or Equal Opportunity? :: essays research papers

Is it fair or just to create equality by anyowing special rightfields or accommodations to certain groups or individuals? I think it is. The foundation for my position is simple How can we have the same rights for everyone, when no one is the same?This past November, I watched a video in Social Studies class. The video was just about equal rights, and focused on several situations where rules could be ch altogetherenged, and how the people got their way. One example was about a man in a wheelchair who wanted to go watch a movie at a local movie theatre. However, when he went to look at a seat, he quickly realized that he had no choice about where he could view the film. He was stuck with watching from in front of the prime(prenominal) row, which is usually not a preferred spot for watching a movie. This man took the theatre to court for not giving him equal opportunity to choose where to view the movie. The theatre lose the court battle, and from then on set a precedent for all movie theatres to reserve sections in their facilities for the disabled. There argon now wheelchair-accessible views from the front, middle, and back of many another(prenominal) theatres around the world.The underlined issue in the above case was not about organism treated equally, but rather being apt(p) equal opportunity. No one was being treated more superior than another, no one was denied the opportunity to watch the movie, but when it came to choice of seating, in that respect was an inequality. Now, thanks to this man, thats all changed.The case was much the same in an example of two female high school students that wanted to go for a top out part in the school production, but couldnt because all the lead parts were for males. The two girls were given the equal right to participate in the production, but they were not given an equal opportunity to the part that they wanted. As a result, the rules were changed. The schools first play featured males in the lead parts, a nd the second featured females.We watched a third example, this time about a young, female hockey player, who, again, had to be given special rights to achieve equality. In this case, all youngsters were given the equal right to play ice hockey. Males played in a males league, females played in a females league.Equality Equal Treatment or Equal Opportunity? essays research papers Is it fair or just to create equality by allowing special rights or accommodations to certain groups or individuals? I think it is. The foundation for my position is simple How can we have the same rights for everyone, when no one is the same?This past November, I watched a video in Social Studies class. The video was about equal rights, and focused on several situations where rules could be challenged, and how the people got their way. One example was about a man in a wheelchair who wanted to go watch a movie at a local movie theatre. However, when he went to choose a seat, he quickly realized that he h ad no choice about where he could view the film. He was stuck with watching from in front of the first row, which is usually not a preferred spot for watching a movie. This man took the theatre to court for not giving him equal opportunity to choose where to view the movie. The theatre lost the court battle, and from then on set a precedent for all movie theatres to reserve sections in their facilities for the disabled. There are now wheelchair-accessible views from the front, middle, and back of many theatres around the world.The underlined issue in the above case was not about being treated equally, but rather being given equal opportunity. No one was being treated more superior than another, no one was denied the opportunity to watch the movie, but when it came to choice of seating, there was an inequality. Now, thanks to this man, thats all changed.The case was much the same in an example of two female high school students that wanted to go for a lead part in the school producti on, but couldnt because all the lead parts were for males. The two girls were given the equal right to participate in the production, but they were not given an equal opportunity to the part that they wanted. As a result, the rules were changed. The schools first play featured males in the lead parts, and the second featured females.We watched a third example, this time about a young, female hockey player, who, again, had to be given special rights to achieve equality. In this case, all youngsters were given the equal right to play ice hockey. Males played in a males league, females played in a females league.

Pakistan :: essays research papers fc

PakistanPakistan is a country that, since its creation, has been rooted inturmoil. The recent years are no exception to this. Since 1988, power has beendivided among the president, the prime minister and the military. Tensions in the midst of the three, however, have led to eight changes of government and threeelections. No elected leader has ever completed a full term in office. BenazirBhutto, who was ignore by the president in August 1990 after only twenty-onemonths in office, is the only Pakistani leader to be given a fleck chance atruling (Newberg 19). On October 6, 1993 a general election was held inPakistan. The Pakistan Peoples Party (or PPP) received a majority of the voteand as a result Benazir Bhutto once again became prime minister. This timehowever, she has a pliant president in the form of an old friend. On November13, 1993, Farooq Leghari was elected the country president. besides even with thisunique opportunity for agreement within the ruling circle reforms have n ot takenplace (The Europa World Year curb 2460). in spite of the PPPs success in the 1993 election they still faceduncertainty. They lack not only a parliamentary majority but unity within theirget ranks. One of the biggest problems was a bitter family contest between BenazirBhutto and her mother, Begum and brother, Murtaza. Murtaza had returned fromexile to claim a seat in the Sind provincial assembly, but was immediatelyarrested for alleged terrorist activity. In late December 1993, Benazir removedher mother as PPP co-chair after she had endorsed Murtazas claim that he wasthe rightful heir to his fathers political legacy. However, in September 1994,the family feud seemed to end during a visit of the prime minister to her mother(Banks 717).In Pakistan the end of the cold war had not brought on new, pragmaticthinking on foreign policy that could make Pakistan less reliant on Westernsupport and allow it to develop closer ties with its neighbors. After the coldwar, many terce world countries were abandoned by their protectorates- the U.S.or the former soviet Union. However Pakistans elite has yet to fend for itself(Rashad 158). Pakistans relations with India worsened. Since the creation ofPakistan, relations with India have prevail foreign affairs. These relationsreflect a centuries old rivalry between Hindus and Muslims. The reason for thetensions today is allegations that each side was on the verge of conductingnuclear tests (Year Book 2462).Much of Pakistans problems stem from a legacy of rule by a small groupof around 300 families. Through blood ties, marriage, and business, they have

Pakistan :: essays research papers fc

PakistanPakistan is a country that, since its creation, has been rooted inturmoil. The recent years are no exception to this. Since 1988, causation has beendivided among the pre human facent, the prime minister and the military. Tensionsbetween the three, however, have led to eight changes of government and threeelections. No elected attracter has ever completed a full term in office. BenazirBhutto, who was dismissed by the president in August 1990 after only twenty-onemonths in office, is the only Pakistani leader to be given a second chance atruling (Newberg 19). On October 6, 1993 a general election was held inPakistan. The Pakistan Peoples Party (or PPP) received a absolute majority of the voteand as a result Benazir Bhutto once again became prime minister. This timehowever, she has a pliant president in the form of an aging friend. On November13, 1993, Farooq Leghari was elected the country president. Yet even with thisunique opportunity for agreement within the ruling circ le reforms have non taken plate (The Europa World Year Book 2460).Despite the PPPs success in the 1993 election they still faceduncertainty. They lack not only a parliamentary majority but unity within theirown ranks. One of the biggest problems was a bitter family feud between BenazirBhutto and her mother, Begum and brother, Murtaza. Murtaza had returned fromexile to claim a seat in the Sind idyl assembly, but was immediatelyarrested for alleged terrorist activity. In late December 1993, Benazir removedher mother as PPP co-chair after she had endorsed Murtazas claim that he wasthe rightful heir to his fathers political legacy. However, in September 1994,the family feud seemed to end during a visit of the prime minister to her mother(Banks 717).In Pakistan the end of the cold war had not brought on new, pragmaticthinking on foreign policy that could make Pakistan less reliant on Westernsupport and allow it to develop at hand(predicate) ties with its neighbors. After the coldwar, many third world countries were abandoned by their protectorates- the U.S.or the former soviet Union. However Pakistans elite has yet to fend for itself(Rashad 158). Pakistans dealings with India worsened. Since the creation ofPakistan, relations with India have dominated foreign affairs. These relationsreflect a centuries old rivalry between Hindus and Muslims. The reason for thetensions today is allegations that each side was on the verge of conductingnuclear tests (Year Book 2462).Much of Pakistans problems stem from a legacy of rule by a small groupof around three hundred families. Through blood ties, marriage, and business, they have

Undaunted Courage Outline

Chapter 1 Y byh 1774 1792 compend and abridg workforcet Meriwether Lewiss ancestry, birth, and early life argon considered. Lewis is born imperious 1774 in Virginia to William Lewis and Lucy Lewis nye Meriwether, cousins. Lewis is born on the eve of the American Revolutionary War and his ancestry includes numerous military accomplish custodyts in both lines. Lewis has an h unmatchedst-to- adeptness sister, Jane, and a younger br separate, Reuben. William Lewis dies of pneumonia in 1779 there later on Nicholas Lewis, Williams older brother, be necks family guardian pending Lewis attain handst of legal age.Lucy Lewis remarries in 1980 to John Marks, and has two additional childrenJohn Hastings and Mary Gar res publica. One monumental family friend is doubting doubting Thomas Jefferson, future president of the coup guide States of America and a nearby plantation owner. As a young boy, Meriwether spends a considerable amount of time pop out of doors, including accompanying a fro ntier pioneer sort out to a newfangled settlement. He is considered to be curious, inquisitive, coolheaded, and courageous Chapter 2 Planter 1792 1794 abridgment and digest overly read Why Nations Fail Chapter 5 epitomeDuring his youth, Lewis develops excellent skills in riding, hiking, and outdoor skills as well as a penchant for what he discovers to as rambling that is, bet on and wilderness go. He develops a scrupulous honesty and is widely considered trustworthy. He assumes plantation management with barbarian misgiving over having given up his statuesque education. Nevertheless, he is a capable administrator, constantly increasing the size of his shore holdings. Like most(prenominal) other plantation owners, he is husbandry rich and nones poor. Slaves work his plantation and, like most men of the era, Lewis is not troubled by the moral quandary slavery presents.He esteems Native Americans as the archetypical courtly savage and believes that one day they will ac cept European civilization and become productive and co-equal citizens he simultaneously considers African Americans somewhat sub-human and incapable of the floor of energy and self-direction necessary for independent success in a free-enterprise Chapter 3 Soldier 1794 1800 Summary and Analysis During the Whiskey Rebellion of 1794, more another(prenominal) young men, erst children of the American Revolution, enlist in the military as a show of patriotic fervor.Among the new inductees is Meriwether Lewis who enlists as a private. Although only a private his considerable wealth, veritable education, and notable breeding ensure that, he spends most evenings in the company of officers. He recovers life in the service pleasant and fulfilling. Within a a few(prenominal)er months, he is commissioned an ensign in the Virginia Militia. After the rebellion is quelled the army ranks be rapidly thinned by means of cutbacks, but Lewis retains his position even with little experiencea f influence which speaks well for his electric potentiality as a junior officer.He is eventu on the wholey assigned to be army paymaster and spends many months traveling extensively through the western frontier beas of the suppuration nation. He plays most army officers in-personly and gets to know their opinions Chapter 4 Thomas Jeffersons America 1801 Summary and Analysis When Thomas Jefferson becomes President of the united States of America, the nation numbers slightly less than quint and one-half million people. That includes approximately one million slaves. Geographically, the nation is a vast open country, nearly limitless in potential, and nearly completely unknown.Overland travel is slow and tough, seldom averaging more(prenominal) than a score of miles in a dayeven over a rargonly encountered roadway. Rivers form the dominant highways and atomic number 18 the only way to transport substantial bulk materials. The relative positions of the Eastern seaboard state s are known, as is the position of the distant Oregon country. Roughly, three thousand miles of terra incognita lay in between. Jefferson incorrectly speculates that a water route along major rivers probably exists which could link the two population centers.Meanwhile, many European nations, including Spain, France, England, and Russia, are vying for control of the interior of North America. much(prenominal) Chapter 5 The Presidents Secretary 1801 1802 Summary and Analysis Meriwether Lewis is serving as army paymaster, when Thomas Jefferson offers him the highly sought after job as personal repository to the president. Lewis immediately accepts the job. Though he leaves active service, he retains his commission and right to promotion. Jefferson selects Lewis largely because he is a staunch Republican and, importantly, because he knows nearly all of the officers in the army on a personal basis.One of the foremost tasks Lewis completes is an encyclopedic rating of all commissioned officers, placing them into one of some(prenominal) categories, which largely established their capability as officers and their political beliefs. Many officers are dismissed from the service, chiefly those who are incompetent but excessively many who are politically strange to the new administration. Lewis performs many duties as secretary, including constant visits with congress and interaction with significant political persons. In fact, Lewis delivers Jeffersons first state of theChapter 6 The Origins of the field day 1750 1802 Summary and Analysis From the presentlyest old age of colonization, the national interest had been captivated by the vast interior space. Many voyages of interior exploration were planned but virtually none had come to fruition. Jefferson had personally championed some(prenominal)(prenominal) attempts. On the most promising attempt, the noted misfortuner Andry Michaux was selected. Jefferson raised funds through private subscription and Michaux commenced his voyage of exploration.Before getting far, however, Jefferson discovered Michaux was actually an agent of the French government, causing the entire exertion to be canceled. Because of these many unsuccessful experiences, Jefferson comes to believe that a voyage of national exploration would require the fiscal backing of the Federal brass. In 1787, a British explorer propounds crossing northern Alberta and r each(prenominal)ing the Pacific coast near capital of South Carolina. Coupled with the recent retrocession of the lanthanum territory from Spain to France the news galvanizes Jefferson he meets immediately to act to preserve theChapter 7 Preparing for the Expedition January June 1803 Summary and Analysis Jefferson personally attends to Lewis requisite education. As well, Jefferson contacts experts in significant fields and enlists their open-ended assistance as educators, peers, and advisors for Lewis. Lewis thus has unrestricted access to the brightest minds in the nation while preparing for his voyage of discovery. Meanwhile, the diverse details of planning and scheme are covered throughout the chapter. Jefferson develops an extensive document containing instruction, advice, and orders.Lewis makes up lists of supplies and costs, and estimates how many men might be essential to successfully complete the voyage. Lewis also spends a great deal of time learning how to perform geographic observations to fix latitude and longitude. Toward the end of the period discussed in the chapter Lewis begins to accumulate the vast stores of impedimenta required for such a long journey he in particular spends time at Harpers Ferry securing firearms and overseeing the construction of an Chapter 8 upper-case earn to Pittsburgh June August 1803 Summary and Analysis Lewis returns to Washington and spends some(prenominal) critical weeks with Jefferson.Copies of the voyage orders document are circulated among Jeffersons intimate circle and mingled rev isions are proposed and accepted. Lewis meanwhile continues to gather maps and fragmentary fellowship of the deep interior of the continent. Jefferson writes and signs a carte blanche order allowing Lewis to draw any funds or equipment from any branch or station of the United States Government it also requests private enterprises to assist Lewis so far as practicable and orders military installations to cooperate with Lewis in any circumstance.The author notes the document is the most absolute letter of credit ever issued by an American president. During this time, a second officer was considered indispensable to the voyages success Lewis immediately extends the offer, by post, to his old friend William Clark. Clark of style accepts the invitation, forming the most-famous partnership in Chapter 9 Down the Ohio September November 1803 Summary and Analysis Lewis begins the trip by boarding the newly constructed keelboat and proceeding down the Ohio River.The extreme lateness of th e flavor (Lewis had believed to be leaving months previously) insured that the Ohios waters were very low. Thus, the initial stages of the trip were very slow and the keelboat made only ten or so miles each day. Lewis begins recording in his journal on August 31, the day he remaining. The text past considers the nature of the journals Lewis neer recorded whether the journals were written during or after the digression. Further, there are frequent large gaps in the journals where nothing is recordedfor example, May 14, 1804 to April 7, 1805.Modern histories do not know if these journals are bewildered or if Lewis alone did not record his observations for these draw out periods. At any event, Lewis continues on his voyage. The snails pace gradually Chapter 10 Up the Mississippi to Winter Camp November 1803 March 1804 Summary and Analysis The justly Mississippi River quickly convinces Lewis and Clark that they will need still more men to be successful. Over the abutting sev eral weeks, the men worked the keelboat and pirogues against the current, difficult hard work claiming only a few miles of progress each day.The party continued on, stopping at trading posts and forts to obtain supplies and review potential recruits. The party eventually reaches St. Louis and a brief period of political intrigue follows wherein the local Spanish political commander refuses to allow entry to the Americans until the official land transfer of the upper Louisiana territories occurs. While in St. Louis Lewis sends and receives mail, notably from Jefferson. Additional men and supplies previously sent overland, rendezvous with the river party.With the season and political situation over, the party subsequently winters at Camp Wood near St. Louis. Finally, in mid-March, the political handover is accomplished. Chapter 11 Ready to Depart April May 21, 1804 Summary and Analysis In the spring, Lewis and Clark purchase more provisions and ready to leave. Clarks commission clo singly arrives startlingly it is for a lieutenants commission and not a captains commission as Lewis had promised. Nevertheless, Clark accepts the commission, though manifestly foil.Lewis suggests and Clark agrees that they two alone will know the unbent situationto everyone else on the entire voyage, and for old age afterward, Clark is known as Captain William Clark and viewed as Lewis co-commander on the voyage. Lewis appoints an original agent in St. Louis, sends of final communiquys, and readies his personal gear for departure. Many of the men attend a final mass service. In the afternoon, the party departs amidst rain, th beneath, lightning, and the cheering of assembled crowds.For the next two or more years the party knows there will be no letters, no communication and no supplies from their homes. They are isolated Chapter 12 Up the second May July 1804 Summary and Analysis By dint of nearly superhuman endurance and raw physical strength, the party forces the heavy keel boat against the current of the mighty minute River, making up to twenty miles progress some days. The party reaches the Osage River, the Kansas River, and accordingly the Platte River, passing tiny outposts of advance settlers and trappers. One settlement of note is Boones stoppage in Kentuckyfounded by Daniel Boone.History does not record whether Lewis and Clark meet Boone. Strangely, throughout much of this period Lewis keeps no daily journal. Instead, he apparently spends his time walking ashore and collection plants, animals, and soils specimens while Clark, the better river-man, manages the progress of the keelboat. Lewis does issue a comprehensive Detachment Order, which allows modern historians to partially reconstruct the daily routine of the adventuring party. One of Lewis indigenous directives was the posting of an active watch to secure the voyageChapter 13 Entering Indian Country August 1804 Summary and Analysis Lewis begins to realize the unprecedented possibilitie s offered to an subtle botanist he collects many specimens previously unknown to science and writes lengthy monographs using precise and technical terminology. The same paradigm presents with animal lifefor example, on August 12, 1804, Lewis and Clark become the first Americans to see a coyote, which they called a prairie wolf. Near the end of August, the party shoots and eats the first bison dispatchn by American hunters. The garden of Eden qualities of the land are not lost on Lewis.Also during August, the party makes their first contact with Indians, meeting Otos and bits. Jeffersons orders instruct Lewis to attempt to peacefully integrate the Indians into the growing American commercial system Jefferson wants to replace British fur traders with Americans and hopes most or all of the various Indian nations can be integrated with the United States of America. Lewis will Chapter 14 Encounter with the Sioux September 1804 Summary and Analysis The Sioux tribes are widely regarded as well organized, militant, and aggressive.Jeffersons instructions to Lewis specifically indicate that the Sioux should be courted particularly vigorously as their cooperation would be extremely useful to future American expansion in the area. In early September, the party continues upriver and fortuitously encounters the lost privatehe had assumed the boats were upriver from him and thus has been proceeding ahead of the party for a few weeks. Lewis finds the area of present-day South Dakota almost improbably opulent in animal life and he discovers several speciesonce, two in a single daythat are entirely new to science.Lewis and Clark recall with wonder at the hundreds and even thousands of bison that make up vast herds and on the plentiful bounty of the land. Ambrose once again notes that Lewis journals are silent for a prolonged period beginning roughly when the party meets the Chapter 15 To the Mandans Fall 1804 Summary and Analysis Throughout September, the voyage continues upriver through panoplies of natural wonder. Huge herds of migrating mammals are seen daily and enormous flights of migrating birds pass overhead. The weather temporizes and frosts kill off the clouds of mosquitoes, as the trip becomes one of entire enjoyment.The party encounters their first grizzly sojourn they refer to it as a white bear. They also pass through the deserted outer lands of the once-mighty Arikara tribe empty villages and lands a mute testimony to the mass deaths belatedly caused by humbledpox and other diseases. Eventually they arrive at the Arikara heartland and discover a tribe about three thousands strong. The meeting output well and the Indians are friendly. One chief accompanies Lewis and Clark upriver to the next great tribal area of the Mandans, ostensibly to negotiate peace between the tribes. Many outlying Mandan villages are also deserted due to smallpox, butChapter 16 Winter at Fort Mandan December 21, 1804 March 21, 1805 Summary and Analysis The w inter proves exceptionally cold and difficult. Lewis and Clark and their men must rely upon the Mandan Indians for supplies and food. The travel builds a sturdy fort complete with a palisade contend and substantive interior shelters. On one cause, a lazy soldier scales the wall rather than issuing a password and waiting for the gate he is observed by an Indian who subsequently scales the wall in imitation. Lewis and Clark are concerned now that the Indians realize the wall is more show than defensein the event, however, nothing untoward occurs.The winter months are exhausted hunting, preparing for the coming season, and mingling with the local Indians. York, Lewiss African American slave, proves interesting to the Indians who think at first that he must be colored with paint. Frequent minor political intrigues occur and are documented, as are some of the Indians sensationalistic practices. For example, the Chapter 17 Report from Fort Mandan March 22 April 6, 1805 Summary and An alysis In the spring, the keelboat is packed and readied for its return trip to St. Louistoo large to navigate the upper Missouri, it is replaced by small canoes.The keelboat is loaded with specimens, journals, observations, maps, draw upd Indian vocabularies, and many long letters. These form the final link between the party and the United States of America until the partys return after many months of exploration. Lewis also sends an accounting of the expenses of the outing to this point, including a list of all the various letters of credit he has issued on the journey. The transit hopes to reach the Pacific Ocean and then return as far as the Mandan villages for the winter of 1805-6, and then return and report to Jefferson as early as September 1806.These predictions illustrate that even at this late date Lewis is underestimating the difficulty of crossing the stony Mountains Chapter 18 From Fort Mandan to Marias River April 7 June 2, 1805 Summary and Analysis The expedition departs in early spring. Lewis refuses several last-minute offers of sexual adventure for the officers and men, even declining to take along several squaws for routine camp company. For many days, Clark guides the river teams of pirogues and canoes while Lewis with a few picked men hikes along the shore, hunting, recording observations, and collecting specimens.Because of the large number of the partyaround cardinal soulsa prodigious amount of meat is needed every day. Lewis constantly notes in his journals that game of all kinds is wonderfully abundant and, unalarmed by humans, easy to secure. For most of the upriver trek Lewis and Clark find the voyage exactly as the Hidatsas had described. Major rivers are found where their rudimentary maps indicate they should be, and the terrain and river conditions are as anticipated. Nevertheless, the journey is showing ground never before explored by modern Americans. GoingChapter 19 From Marias River to the Great Falls June 3 June 20, 1 805 Summary and Analysis For several days, Lewis and Clark try to determine which riverthe Missouri or the Mariasis the true Missouri river. Because of the turbidity and temperature, all of the men conclude erroneously that the Marias is the true Missouri. Lewis and Clark, however, in complete isolation determine that the true course of the Missouri lies to the southern fork. Only much later would historians realize that the Hidatsa, traveling overland, would have entirely missed this fork of the river as it occurs in a great northern bend of the Missouri River.Lewis and Clark spend several days scouting a goodly distance up each river and making numerous observations. They finally conclude that the party must take the south fork. While Clark leads the water party, Lewis and a few picked men rapidly proceed ahead on land to discover if they have selected the wrong branch of the river. They make good Chapter 20 The Great Portage June 16 July 14, 1805 Summary and Analysis The boat gr oup soon arrives at the base of the falls. Sacagawea falls ill and is nursed by Lewis while the men cut timber and manufacture wheels and crude wagons with which they will haul the canoes and pirogues.The portage proceeds under fair weather but the work is grueling and accomplished only after many days of toil. At the head of the falls, Lewis assembled the iron skeletal system of his observational boat and has it covered with elk hide. This project is fascinating to Lewis but, apparently, Clark concludes at the outset that it is unpractical. In the end, Clarks opinion proves correctthe hide covering of the craft cannot be effectively sealed and the constant and rapid leaking through the seams of the skins makes the boat perpetually swamp. After only a few hours of experimenting ith the completed boat, Lewis must conclude that his experimental crafthand built at Chapter 21 Looking for the Shoshones July 15 August 12, 1805 Summary and Analysis With overloaded canoes, the voyage pro ceeds up the Missouri River through difficult terrain. The Rocky Mountains enclose the river so closely that Lewis names the initial entrance Gates of the Rocky Mountains. The voyagers proceed upriver searching for Shoshone Indians from whom they hope to procure horses. They pass what will eventually become the famous live on Chance Gulch, a location rich in gold.Lewis and Clark are not elicit in mineral wealth, howeverit is not easily portable and at such a distance from civilization would prove essentially worthless. First Clark and then Lewis take turns scouting ahead or ranging afar in an attempt to find the Shoshone. Clarks feet become damaged and infected by Prickly Pears, but he still presses on. By the end of July, the men are becoming despondent because of the difficult river work. They are heartened when Sacagawea begins to recognize landmarks and informs them thatChapter 22 Over the Continental Divide August 13 August 31, 1805 Summary and Analysis The next day the smal l group encounters an old Shoshone woman with a baby and engages her in very curb discussion, giving her some gifts. She leads Lewis and his few companions to the Shoshone village. A tense meeting follows where Lewis tries to make himself understood but is apparently mistaken for a trickster from a hostile Indian tribe, even though a white man. A period of tense negotiation follows but Lewis manages to befriend Cameahwait, the principle chief.He convinces the Indians to accompany him downstream to meet Clark. The Indians suspect a trap and thus warily accompany him. Lewis is dumbfounded to reach the location only to discover that Clark is not yet present. He uses several stratagems to calm the worried Indians until the following day when Clark does arrive. Finally, with Sacagaweas language skills, the Indians fears are largely reduced and a series of agreements are Chapter 23 Over the Bitterroots September 1 October 6, 1805 Summary and Analysis Led by Old Toby the party proceeds t hrough the Rocky Mountains, covering incredibly difficult terrain.They meet a group of Salish Indians, purchase a few more horses and continue on. During the next week the weather breaks and snow begins to fall. The journey becomes very difficult and game is scarce, forcing the sidesplitting of three horses to feed the company. Fatigued, hungry, and depressed, the party makes little progressperhaps ten miles per dayand reaches a critical breaking point. Faced with starvation Clark takes a few picked hunters and proceeds ahead at a rapid pace with the intent of hunting what game is available and leaving it along the trail for the larger party, led by Lewis.Lewis group suffers several accidents with horses and frequently loses horses during the night but continues doggedly though dysentery and venereal disease weaken the men. Finally, after 160 miles of difficult terrain and Chapter 24 Down the Columbia October 8 December 7, 1805 Summary and Analysis The men recover their strength a nd make rapid progress down the river. Even with the ungainly dugout canoes the party sticks to the water and runs through numerous long and dangerous rapids.Old Toby becomes so afraid of the rapids that he sneaks off one evening and is not seen again. In early October, the expedition reaches the Snake River. They meet the Nez Percy Indians and establish friendly relations. Although the expedition does not stay in one place very long, Lewis manages to compile some language vocabularies and makes some ethnographic observations, including noting that the Indians possess items obviously acquired by trading with European sailors and are, unfortunately, fond of stealing anything they can.By mid-October, they reach the junction of the Snake and Columbia Rivers. Toward the end of October, the expedition encounters a prolonged series of savage rapids. Rather than a lengthy portage, Lewis and Clark Chapter 25 Fort Clatsop December 8, 1805 March 23, 1806 Summary and Analysis Amidst violent rain and windstorms, the expedition establishes Fort Clatsop, a small structure with two facing buildings joined by palisade walls to form a small interior parade ground. Lewis issues garrison orders and the long winter months of boredom begin.The men amuse themselves with sexual escapades among the receptive Indians, trading trinkets for partners and contracting venereal disease. Hunting parties run ever farther afield and food remains very scarce. Lewis establishes a salt-making camp on the coast a few miles from the main fortthe men there boil seawater to collect salt. Throughout the winter, many groups of Chinook and Clatsop Indians visitsome are extremely friendly, others cause minor tensions. Most of the men of the expedition suffer from injury and illness at some point during the winter.Clark repetitively records in his journal that the area brings extreme boredom, monotony, and hunger. On one occasion a small group sets Chapter 26 Jefferson and the West 1804 1806 Summary a nd Analysis This chapter contains a brief analysis of Thomas Jeffersons vision of the west. In brief, he tender to a vision of the United States stretching from coast to coast and considered that the Louisiana territory and the Pacific northwest were both rightfully components of his nation. A strident anti-British politician, he greatly desired to force the British fur traders out of American territory.Jeffersons views on the proper treatment of Indians are starkly at odds with his historic presentation as a great libertarian and proponent of human rightsthe Indians must either join with the United States of America or remove themselves there would be no recognition of sovereign rights. Jefferson stated that commerce with the Indians was preferable to military solutions because commerce was more profitable. The chapter also includes a discussion of the reception in St. Louis and Washington of dozens of Indians who accepted Lewis invitation to visitChapter 27 Return to the Nez Perc y March 23 June 9, 1806 Summary and Analysis The expedition sets out with a dread of the pending Rocky Mountain traverse. Food is scare and the men have taken to purchasing and eating Indian dogs. Lewis spends several days making jerky from what game is available. At the campsites through April many starving Indians visit, begging food and stealing trinkets. Tempers in camp flare as the thievery becomes more brazen and minor scuffles are common. On several occasions violent is averted only at the last moment.Rather than fight upriver against rapids and current Lewis determines to return along the Columbia route overland. The expedition has little left which is not necessary and when horses must be purchased, they must sacrifice part of their cooking kit to obtain them. At the end of April, the expedition meets and stays with Wallawalla and Yakima Indians they are fed and receive more horses and are given information about trail conditions Chapter 28 The Lolo Trail June 10 July 2, 1806 Summary and Analysis The party proceeds into the mountains and encounters snow so deep there is no forage for the horses and the trail cannot be located.After a brief discussion, they turn back. Several days later, they acquire Indian guides who lead them quickly and surely through the mountains. On the far side of the Bitterroot Mountains their confidence swells out of proportion to common sensory faculty and the party determines to split up and conduct separate investigations of alternative routes. In all, the army corps of Discovery will divide into five small groups and execute a reckless and complicated series of investigatory travels. Various points of rendezvous are established and the plan is delivered to the men.Chapter 29 The Marias Exploration July 3 July 28, 1806 Summary and Analysis The text covers only Lewis expedition to locate the northern headwaters of the Marias River the book does not cover in detail the exploration conducted by any of the other groups, th ough their experiences are mentioned in passing. This chapter thus deals only with Meriwether Lewis and the few men that accompany him. In early July they set off to discover whether the headwaters of the Marias Riverand thus of the Missouri River drainage basinfulextend beyond 49 degrees north latitude.If they do, then the United States of America can lay legal claim to more territory due to the ground of the Louisiana Purchase. The small group proceeds down the Big Black pluck River as far as White Bear Island without major incident. They are happy to once again be on the plains where game is plentiful but they also once again find the mosquitoes nearly unbearable. They recover their cache Chapter 30 The Last Leg July 29 September 22, 1806 Summary and Analysis Lewis group proceeds by water to the junction of the Yellowstone River, the site of planned rendezvous with Clark.Clark has left a note and moved ahead. Lewis pursues through a land of abundant game and abundant mosquitoe s, making excellent progress without incident until mid-August. At that time, Lewis and a short one-eyed private are hunting elk when Lewis is scape in the buttocks. He calls out for the private who does not respondLewis hobbles back to the canoes and rouses the alarm of an Indian attack. The men go on the offensive but shortly return with the missing private and state no Indians are in the area.Later Lewis recovers another letter from Clark informing him that one of the smaller expeditions, having completely failed in its mission, has rejoined with Clark. Lewis thus spends a terrible night too sore to be moved from the pirogue he passes the Chapter 31 Reporting to the President September 23 December 31, 1806 Summary and Analysis In St. Louis, Lewis immediately writes a brief letter to Jefferson and also writes personal commendations for each of his men, noting with satisfaction that all members of the party have returned in good health.Lewis also once again appealed directly to Jefferson on Clarks behalf, noting the successful prosecution of the adventure was due equally to both men. The group then spends a month in St. Louis settling financial affairs and playing the role of heroes, enjoying fame and being entertained. In early November the party proceeds to Louisville and then to Frankfort where it splits into various smaller groups that proceed to their various destinations. Clark goes to Fincastle, Virginia, to visit with friends, while Lewis continues on to Charlottesville with Big White, the Indian chief.Late in December, after a lengthy trip of many public appearances, Lewis arrives in Washington. No account of the initial meetings between Chapter 32 Washington January March 1807 Summary and Analysis In Washington Lewis once again lives with Jefferson and spends weeks and months preparing reports and revising his journal. The men of the expedition are all rewarded with substantial but not extravagant land warrants and payfor example, Lewis total am ounts to some $7,262. Lewis and Clark both receive promotions, Lewis civilly as the Governor of the Louisiana Territory and Clark within the military.The book notes that Lewis is singularly unprepared to act as Territorial Governor and the appointment is one of Thomas Jeffersons great mistakes. Clark soon departs for St. Louis but Lewis remains in Washington, ostensibly to see to the private matter of the journals of the expedition. Lewis, faced with competing publication of other expedition members journals, becomes uncharacteristically sarcastic about the relative merit of his subordinates journals. Meanwhile, Clark becomes engaged, and Jefferson begins to distribute seeds collected by Lewis to his eminent botanist friends.Much Chapter 33 Philadelphia April July 1807 Summary and Analysis In the spring of 1807, Lewis leaves Washington for Philadelphia where he arranges for the publication of the journals, promised in three volumes costing $31 for the set. Lewis contacts several a cquaintances for assistance in preparing the various volumes of the journals. Lewis biological and botanical samples are catalogued and then delivered, with Jeffersons approval, to Charles Willson Peales Museum in Independence Hall. Lewis, recently admitted as a member, also lectures at the American Philosophical Society.He also commissions artists to occasion relevant plates for inclusion in the journals, and Peale renders Lewis portrait, as does C. B. J. Fyvret de Saint-Mymin. Lewis hires mathematicians to convert his copious observations into corrected latitude and longitude measurements. Finally, Lewis and Clark purchase one other journal written by a sergeant on the voyage, presumably to forestall its publication and subsequent competition. Strangely, amidst all this preparation for publication, Lewis overlooks the singleChapter 34 Virginia August 1806 March 1807 Summary and Analysis In late July, Lewis travels from Philadelphia to Washington and settles his receipts with the war department. He then tours through several cities and acquaints himself with several young women who fail to meet his expectations, and a few more who for unknown reasons do not find him suitable. For eight months, Lewis whereabouts are unknown and through that time he accomplishes little more than nothing. Although he receives letters and proportion from Jefferson and his family, he does not reply.Ambrose speculates that depression, alcohol, and malaria may explain his lack of production. At any rate, he appears in St. Louis in late winter of 1808 and produces a composite plant report on the situation of the Louisiana Territory. The consideration of the relative merits of the report consumes most of the brief chapter. Lewis suggests excluding the British from Louisiana Territory, greatly increasing the military presence in the area, Chapter 35 St. Louis March December 1808 Summary and Analysis In 1808 St. Louis is a vibrant and multi-cultural city and the dominant western ci ty in the United States of America.Ambrose describes the citys bizarre flavor and brief history in some detail. Tensions between the old Spanish and French established business families and the new American businessmen are tense. Lewis predecessor, General Wilkinson, had administered the territory with one eye on his own pocketbook and thus the political and economic situations are complicated and uncertain. Administering such a complex and vast territory would be a challenge for an accomplished and professional politicianit was simply beyond the ability of the young Lewis. Lewis arrives in St.Louis devoid of the melancholiac depression that has apparently afflicted him for the past several months. He rents a house and engages in the social life of the city, drinking hard and spending many hours in dissipation. He does attempt to manage the rabble Chapter 36 St. Louis January August 1809 Summary and Analysis Lewis continues to work as the governor of the territory, making some goo d decisions and many bad ones. He begins to take regular doses of opium and morphine, ostensibly to treat his malariasoon, however, he is strongly addicted and frequently addled.Moreover, he continues to routinely become rummy in the company of less-notable political hangers-on by todays standards, he would be considered an alcoholic. His personal finances are in complete disarray and his public expenditures are alarming. He arranges a merging of personal and public interests, which draws wide criticismhe helps to establish a fur trapping and trading company, grants the company a monopoly on trade, and funds the companys initial expedition with public funds. All this, he justifies by charging the company with the task of returning Big White to the Mandan villages.Although not hugely abnormal in concept for the day and place, the scale of the questionable Chapter 37 Last Voyage September 3 October 11, 1809 Summary and Analysis In early September, Lewis sets out for Washington. He brings along the journals of the Lewis and Clark expedition, a few personal belongings, and a huge dossier of receipts, notes, and requests for public expenditure. He hopes to arrange his documentation and present his case to the government so they will honor his many public debts. He travels initially by river but finds the heat and humidity intolerable.In addition he drinks heavily, takes frequent snuff, many pills, and opium. His way is wild and outlandish and he then attempts suicide on two occasions. He is put ashore in charge of an army captain who places him under suicide watch. Lewis writes some garbled letters explaining his delay to distant officials. After about a week Lewis derangement lifts and he determines to proceed overland to Washington. For several days, Lewis and several attendants travel overland. Lewis mood is dark and Chapter 38 Aftermath Summary and AnalysisMany years after Lewis death, some researchers have proposed that he might have been murdered. Ambrose considers the indorse and dispenses entirely with the theory by noting that Clark and Jefferson both accepted Lewis suicide at face value. Lewis was malarial, depressed, and highly stressed. He was an alcoholic and a drug addict, an inveterate user of snuff, a habitual smoker, and frequently greatly over-medicated himself with curatives of the period, which often contained mercury. Any one of these factors alone could have motivated him to suicide taken as a group they are a more than convincing rationale.Coupling all this with his widely reported erratic and despondent behavior, the argument against suicide appears insubstantial. Lewis estate is bequeathed to his mother and liquidated by his half-brother. The request failure of his latter years remained packed into trunkshis unpublished journals. Clark obtains the expedition journals and travels to Monticello to Big Whitee Big White was a Mandan chief. He agreed to accompany the expedition on its return voyage and visit Preside nt Jefferson in Washington. He, his family, and a party of soldiers were attacked and repelled by a group of Arikaras on their return trip. gt/p Cameahwait Cameahwait was a Shonshoni chief who aided the Lewis and Clark expedition. Cameahwaits people provided horses and Old Toby to guide the expedition through the Bitterroot Mountains. Cameahwait also turned out to be Sacagaweas brother. Toussaint Charbonneau Charbonneau was a French Canadian. At the time he met the Lewis and Clark company, he was living among the Hidatsas as an independent trader. Sacagawea was one of his wives. Lewis and Clark eagerly signed him on as an interpreter, thus gaining the service of Sacagawea. Lewis was disappointed with Charbonneau, however, calling him a man of no particular merit. Pierre Chouteau houteau, along with his half-brother Auguste, co-founded St. Undaunted Courage Summary Lewisa Early Life The first five chapters of Undaunted Courage detail Lewisa life before undertaking the expedition. Le wis was born to a distinguished Virginia plantation family in 1774. As a boy, Lewis spent several years living in a Georgia frontier colony. After his return from Georgia at the age of thirteen, he was given several years of formal education so that he would be prepared to manage the estate he had inherited from his father.However, he only spent a few years on the Virginia plantation instead, he volunteered for the Virginia militia in 1794. He spent the next six years in the military, and his service required him to travel throughout much of the American frontier. However, in 1801, President Jeffersonaa longtime acquaintance of the Lewis familyaasked Lewis to serve as his personal secretary and aide. Captain Lewis quickly gave up his military commission and moved to the presidentas residence in Washington. Planning the Expedition Jefferson had long been interested in sending an expedition to explore the west.When Jefferson intentional that the British were planning to engage in the fur trade in the Pacific Northwest, he was galvanized into action. In 1802, Jefferson chose Lewis to command an expedition to the Pacific. Lewis had three main goals find an all-water route to the Pacific Ocean tell the Indians they had a new leader and bring them into the American trading network and explore the northern tributaries of the Mississippi and the Missouri rivers, which would determine the northern extent of the boundary of the Louisiana Purchase.Jefferson was also keenly interested in scientific inquiry. In preparation for the journey, Lewis studied geography, botany, mineralogy, astronomy, and ethnology with leading American scientists. He also made decisions on what and how many supplies to bring, what presents to give the Indians, and how many men to employ in the company. He oversaw the construction of a boat that would take the company up the Mississippi River. Lewis also decided he needed a co-commander, and he chose Clark, whom he had met in the military.Althou gh Clarkas official rank was never promoted beyond that of lieutenant, which dismayed Lewis greatly, the two men shared command. While preparations were being made, the Louisiana Purchase was also completed, giving the United States ownership of much of the land over which the men would travel. Up the Missouri On August 31, 1803, Lewis set forth down the Ohio River. He met with Clark in Clarksville, Indian Territory, where they enlisted men in their corps of Discovery. The party then sailed upriver to Wood River, where they set up winter camp.Clark oversaw the preparations for the trip while Lewis took charge of purchasing supplies in St. Louis. On May 22, 1804, the Corps of Discovery, made up of almost fifty men, was finally on its way. It consisted of a large keelboat and two smaller boats. The boats traveled more than 640 miles upriver before encountering a single Indian. On August 2, a party of Oto arrived at the expeditionas camp. Lewis told them about Jefferson, their new Grea t Father, and gave them gifts. On August 20, the expedition suffered its only sine qua non when Sgt. Charles Floyd died of a ruptured appendix.In September, the Corps met a large party of Sioux and visited the Sioux village. In October, the group approached the Mandan villages in present-day North Dakota. The friendly Mandans were at the center of Northern Plainsa trade. The men built Fort Mandan, where they spent the winter. They also met a French-Canadian trader, Charbonneau, and his wife, Sacagawea, who joined the Corps as translators. A small group of men sailed back down the Missouri to bring back information about the expedition thus far. Westward Bound On April 7, 1805, the expedition was ready to move west.Eight days later, the expedition passed the furthermost point upstream on the Missouri known by Lewis to have been reached by white men. The men hunted buffalo and had their first grizzly bear sighting. In June, the party crossed the Missouri and discovered that two larg e rivers met. They had to decide which river was the Missouri. They chose the south fork and followed the river to the Great Falls. At this point, the men had to carry their canoes overland. They had reached the foot of the Rocky Mountains and wanted to meet the Shoshoni. After several days, the men came across a Shoshoni party.Their leader was Cameahwait, who was Sacagaweaas brother. They traded for horses with the Shoshoni and hired an Indian guide, Old Toby, to take them across the mountains. Once across the mountains, the men traveled down the Columbia toward the Pacific. They discovered that rapids and falls broke up the Columbia for almost a fifty-mile stretch. The men shot the rapids while the important supplies were carried by hand. They continued onward to the Pacific. The party built Fort Clatsop as their winter camp. By this time, the party had very little goods left to trade.When the Clatsops would not sell them a canoe that they needed, Lewis told his men to steal it. In March 1806, the men turned eastward on their way home. Heading foot The men headed east up the Columbia, which was hard going. They decided to go overland instead and purchased horses from the Nez genus Perca. Lewis also hoped to persuade them to send some guides and diplomats with them back east. The Nez PercA, however, said it was too early to cross the mountains, but the Corps was determined to do so. They headed out but soon discovered it was impossible to keep to the trail, which was inexplicable under feet of snow.They realized the difficulty of their undertaking but luckily came across two young Indians crossing the mountains and quickly engaged them as guides. Thus they reached the other side of the Continental Divide safely. Lewis and Clark parted company briefly in July. Lewis wanted to explore the northern river that had met the Missouri, the Maria. He hoped that it would extend far northward, giving the United States more land. He took a small party of men. After se veral days out, they got into a fight with some Blackfeet Indians and shot two. However, Lewis and his men escaped unharmed.They met up with Clark at the Point of Reunion in present-day North Dakota, and the entire party continued on to Fort Mandan. Then they headed down the Missouri. They met trading boats, which gave them the first news of the country they had heard since their departure. They arrived in St. Louis on September 22, 1806. Lewis immediately sat down to write a report to Jefferson telling him of their discoveries. After the Expedition Lewis went to Washington in January and after that on to Philadelphia. He made plans to publish his journals. Jefferson also appointed him the governor of the Louisiana Territory.Lewis, however, did little work, either on the journals or as the governor. He did not arrive in St. Louis until March 1808, at which point he was already experiencing bouts of depression and drinking heavily. In St. Louis, he seek to set up a fur trade busines s with his friends and invested money in land speculation. He also spent money outfitting an expedition to return a Mandan chief to his homeland however, the government decided not to reimburse him for these expenses. Lewis undertook a journey to Washington but died, apparently a suicide, on October 11, 1809.

Covent Garden Essay

In this quadrangle the Abbey or Convent of St. Peter, Westminster, maintained a grand kitchen garden throughout the Middle Ages to provide its daily food. Over the next three centuries, the monks old convent garden became a major source of reaping and vegetables in capital of the United Kingdom and was managed by a succession of leaseholders by grant from the Abbot of Westminster. This type of lease eventually led to property disputes throughout the kingdom, which King Henry 8 solved in 1540 by the stroke of a pen when he dissolved the monasteries and appropriated their land.King Henry VIII tending(p) part of the land to deception Russell, Baron Russell, Lord High Admiral, and later Earl of Bedford. In fulfilment of his fathers dying wish, King Edward VI bestowed the remainder of the convent garden in 1547 to his maternalistic uncle, Edward Seymour, Duke of Somerset who began building Somerset House on the south side of The Strand the next year. When Seymour was beheaded for tr eason in 1552, the land once again came into royal gift, and was awarded four months later to one of those who had contributed to Seymours downfall. Forty acres (160,000 m? ), k presentlyn as le Covent tend plus the long acre, were granted by royal patent in perpetuity to the Earl of Bedford. edit 1600s to 1800sThe modern-day Covent Garden has its roots in the early seventeenth century when land (the Convents Garden) was redeveloped by Francis Russell, 4th Earl of Bedford. The knowledge base was designed by Inigo Jones, the first and greatest of English Renaissance architects. He was inspired by late 15th nose candy and early 16th century planned market towns known as bastides (themselves modelled on Roman colonial towns by way of nearby monasteries, of which Convent Garden was one). The area rapidly became a base for market traders, and following the Great Fire of London of 1666 which destroyed rival markets towards the east of the city, the market became the most important in the country. Exotic items from around the world were carried on boats up the River Thames and sold on from Covent Garden.The first mention of a Punch and Judy show in Britain was recorded by diarist Samuel Pepys, who saw such a show in the square in May 1662. Today Covent Garden is the only part of London clear for street entertainment. In 1830 a grand building reminiscent of the Roman baths such as those found in Bath was built to provide a more permanent trading centre. edit Modern day period By the end of the 1960s, traffic congestion in the surrounding area had reached such a level that the use of the square as a market, which required increasingly large lorries for deliveries and distribution, was becoming unsustainable. The whole area was threatened with complete redevelopment.Following a public outcry, in 1973 the Home Secretary, Robert Carr, gave dozens of buildings around the square listed building status, preventing redevelopment. The following year the market finally mov ed to a new target (called the New Covent Garden Market) about three miles south-west at Nine Elms. The square languished until its central building re-opened as a shopping centre and holidaymaker attraction in 1980. Today the shops largely sell novelty items. More serious shoppers gravitate to Long Acre, which has a range of clothes shops and boutiques, and Neal Street, noted for its large number of shoe shops. Londons Transport Museum and the rear entrance to the Royal Opera House are also located on the Piazza.The food market and Royal Opera House were memorably brought together in the opening of George Bernard Shaws play, Pygmalion, where Professor Higgins is waiting for a cab to take him home from the opera house when he comes across Eliza Doolittle selling flowers in the market. In the mid 1950s, before he directed such films as If and O Lucky Man, Lindsay Anderson directed a short film about the daily activities of the Covent Garden market called Every Day Except Christmas . It shows 12 hours in the life of the market and market people, now long gone from the area, but it also reflects three centuries of tradition in the operation of the daily fruit and vegetable market.Alfred Hitchcocks 1972 film, Frenzy, likewise takes place amongst the pubs and fruit markets of Covent Garden. The serial sex killer in Frenzy is a local fruit vendor, and the film features several blackly comic moments suggesting a metaphorical correlation between the consumption of food and the act of rape-murder. Hitchcock was the son of a Covent Garden merchant and grew up in the area and so, the film was partly conceived (and marketed) as a semi-nostalgic go down to the neighbourhood of the directors childhood. Supermodel Naomi Campbell was also discovered by a model scout at the age of 15 whilst walking through the streets of Covent Garden.

Educational Preparation Essay

Difference in Competencies Between Associate and Baccalaureate Degree Nurses There is much(prenominal) controversy surrounding the issue of the difference in competencies amid nurses educated at the Associate (ADN) and Baccalaureate (BSN) level. This paper will discuss those differences in relation to Professional values, and risk-taking propensity. This paper will discuss how, even though numerous studies hold back been done that show in that location is little difference between the competencies of ADNs and BSNs, in that respect is, in fact, a distinct difference. No one can deny that the health supervise industry has come a long way. This does not force out the nursing field. There is a huge push by the Magnet hospitals to maintain that 80% of their nursing staff carry bachelors degree degrees by the yr 2020. This is due to changes in the healthcare delivery system, as well as cost-containment (Masters, 1989). While baccalaureate prepared nurses have better access to job s as spick-and-span graduates and are looked at as being better prepared for the clinical workforce, until they have been working in the clinical sector there is really no difference between the experience level of an associate or baccalaureate prepared nurse.There is excessively a gray area, because graduates of both levels of education pull in ones horns the same licensing exam, and also have the same legal responsibilities (Masters, 1989). In the article Analysis of Differences in Entry-Level RN Practice by Educational Preparation, June E. metalworker states that there was a very close relationship in pattern of practice between recently graduated Associate and Baccalaureate nurses (2002). She also wrote that within the first 6 months of practice, ADN and BSN graduates performed activities with remarkably similar frequencies (Smith, 2002, p. 494). It is shown in the article Professional Values Held by Baccalaureate and Associate Degree Nursing Students, that there have been n o strong differences found between the two groups (Martin, 2003, P. 292).This particular field of view was done out of a random selection of graduating students from a number of baccalaureate and associate degree programs in the state of Texas. These nurses rated their professional values using the Nurses Professional Values Scale (NPVS), as taken from the 1985 American Nurses Association legislation of Nursing (Martin, 2003). Findings of this study concluded that senior nursing students in ADN programs did not differ significantly from their counterparts in BSN programs (Martin, 2003, p. 293). fit in to Marcia L Masters, role contrastingiation between ADNs and BSNs is not clearly defined in terms of decision making responsibility (1989, p. 391).In this same article, Masters quotes W. Weiss (1985), Taking risks means different things to different people. One person may look at a situation as a challenge for success, where another will look at it as a threat of failure. Through the course of this study, it was found that nurses had a higher risk taking propensity than the normal population, but there were no significant differences in risk taking propensity noted between the ADNs and BSNs studied. This includes both education and experience.Although in practice, BSNs may be given more opportunities for decision making, this study indicated the willingness to take the risk in making decisions is fairly evenly distributed between ADNs and BSNs (Masters, 1989, p. 394). Contrary to what these studies have shown, there is a distinct difference in the competencies of ADNs and BSNs. According to the National League of Nursing (NLN, 2011), a baccalaureate degree expands on the knowledge and capabilities acquired in an associate program. Where associate programs focus on the patient and their family, baccalaureate programs tend to focus more on fraternity nursing and leadership. There is a broader context of nursing that is learned in a baccalaureate program. In t he article The Differences Between Associate Degree Nurses and the Baccalaureate Degree Nurses, The author states a nurse with a BSN has more opportunities to work in a descriptor of health care settings that offer an extensive array of opportunities for professional growth. Baccalaureate-prepared nurses can be bedside nurses, educators, case managers, discharge planners, administrators, and work in public health, home health, and community clinics (Moore, 2009).She continues to explain how associate prepared nurses are focused more on the technical aspects of care, where Baccalaureate prepared nurses are focused more on evidenced-based clinical practice and leadership (Moore, 2009). Moore also agrees that in skill competency, there is not much difference between ADNs and BSNs, but that BSN nurses show greater critical cerebration skills, better line solving, and the development of clinical judgment three skills of increasing importance for the increase in acuity of patients in h ospitals and other health care settings (2009). As a new graduate ADN, the author of this paper has insufficient experience to identify a specific patient care situation in which approaches to decision making may differ between associate and baccalaureate prepared nurses.It comes to light from research, however, that a baccalaureate prepared nurse is more qualified in thinking on the fly. As stated earlier, baccalaureate prepared nurses have improved clinical judgement and problem solving skills, which are decisive in an emergency or trauma situation, where the patients have a higher acuity level. It seems that as far as newly graduated nurses are concerned, there is not much of a difference in bedside skill competencies between ADNs and BSNs. A baccalaureate degree, however, better prepares the newly graduated nurse for critical thinking, problem solving and better judgment in emergency situations. A baccalaureate degree gives the nurse more opportunities for advancement and move ment within the nursing field, and also prepares the BSN for graduate study. This is important especially when it comes to the nations hospitals movement toward Magnet Status.References1. Martin, P., Yarbrough, S., & Alfred, D. (2003). Professional Values Held by Baccalaureate and Associate Degree Nursing Students. diary of Nursing Scholarship, Third Quarter, 291-296. Retrieved January 19, 2013, from http//library.gcu.edu2048/login?url=http//search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct= confessedly&db=cmedm&AN=14562499&site=eds-live&scope=site2. Masters, M., & Masters, R. (1989). Risk-Taking Propensity of Nurses ADN and BSN. daybook of Nursing Education, 28(9), 391-396. Retrieved January 14, 2013, from http//library.gcu.edu2048/login?url=http//search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=rzh&AN=1990100566&site=eds-live&scope=site3. Moore, D. S., PhD., RN., CNM., MN., & MPH. (n.d.). westbound Coast University Deans Corner The Differences Between Associate Degree Nurses and the Baccal aureate Degree Nurses. West Coast University Nursing Programs Los Angeles, Orange County, Inland Empire. Retrieved January 20, 2013, from http//www.westcoastuniversity.net/deanscorner/print.php?article=224. Ridley, R. (2008). The Relationship Between Nurse Education Level and Patient Safety An Integrative Review. ledger of Nursing Education, 47(4), 149-156. Retrieved January 15, 2013, from http//library.gcu.edu2048/login?url=http//search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=rzh&AN=2009885996&site=eds-live&scope=site5. Smith, J. (2002). Analysis of Differences in Entry-Level RN Practice by Educational Preparation. Journal of Nursing Education, 41(11), 491-494. Retrieved January 18, 2013, from http//library.gcu.edu2048/login?url=http//search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=rzh&AN=2003013823&site=eds-live&scope=site

Starion Entrepreneurship Case Analysis

M3786 NEW VENTURE PLANNING SAMPLE CASE synopsis REPORT STARION ENTREPRENEURSHIP SAMPLE CASE ANALYSIS REPORT Starion Instruments, headquartered in Sunnyvale, CA is a private partnership with core IP assets based on the soap license of groundbreaking medical examination research in the field of laser weave welding. Starion hopes to revolutionize the electrosurgical field with the introduction of fruits like its cautery forceps intentd for acidulated and sealing (cauterizing) tissue. The overall annual merchandise for these types of medical twirls is in excess of $1 billion.Furthermore, Starions promising IP and continued research goals will enable it to gain a significant foothold in the worldwide medical technology assiduity with gross revenue reaching $150 billion annually. The foundation of Starions IP lies in the hands of Dr. Michael Treats research. In the 1980s Dr. Treat and Dr. Larry Bass, a plastic surgeon resident at Columbia Presbyterian, started experimenting with lasers in surgery. With a humble beginning the two surgeons worked from Columbia Presbyterians 17th floor lab on their innovative research.Together, these two pioneers invented the field of laser tissue welding using thermal nix to rejoin tissue severed in surgery. However, this technology remained uncommercialized for several years after its initial discovery. Shelly Monfort, a Stanford-trained engineer, began her entrepreneurial career in 1986. With a background in R&D on medical devices as well as start-up experience, commercializing those devices, Ms. Monfort and two engineers, quite a little Mollenaur and George Hermann, were involved in the creation, funding, and exit of at least 6 surgical device companies from 1990-1996.Ken Mollenaur maintains experience designing and edifice medical prototypes. George Hermann possesses extensive experience navigating the medical device approval process working with the major regulatory bodies in the industries. By June 1988, Ms. Monfor t had signed a license with Columbia Starion Instruments could now begin building a staff and a product to bring to market. With their exclusive licensing deal in place, Dr. Treat left Columbia for Starions California headquarters and began underdeveloped the product.In October 1999 Starion instruments, represented by Dr. Treat, made its debut at the American College of Surgeons Conference, the atomic number 53 most important industry event for people who would buy and use the product. At the term, the alliances goal was to raise $750,000 in capital. Ms. Monfort assembled $2 million from private investors along with a pair of venture capital firms. At the time Starions valuation was $7 million. This was a crucial exhibit for the company. Success or failure is often based on an initial market foray.The elbow room chosen by management in this situation had an irrevocable effect on the companys overall performance. A capital infusion of single $750,000 severely limited the compa nys market and development capabilities and was a gross underestimation of the companys capital needs a shed light on representation of Ms. Monforts inexperience. Furthermore, the companys special capital requirements were highlighted by the investors willingness to infuse a $2,000,000 round when only solicited for $750,000. To Ms. Monforts credit it was her colleague and mentor, Dr.Thomas Fogarty, a legend in the surgical world, who insisted on the additional capital. The company planned to go to market with a package consisting of single use disposable forceps and a disposable battery pack. The forceps would carry a price tag of $410 and the battery pack would list for $39. The effort was directed toward an open surgery application. Open surgeries accounted for about 80% of procedures performed at the time. Starion planned to eventually expand to laparoscopic devices once it gained additional market share.An important aspect of Starions system was to market its product as not only a superior tool as far as results, but also to highlight the simplicity and cost effectiveness of its offering. Surgeons, the header buyer in this space, are known to be fairly innovative, willing to try new things. However, it is only with repeated use that they gain skill with a given device. Therefore, it is critical that they see not only a cost advantage, but a significant increase in product performance in order for considerable adoption to take place.Starions choice to focus on the core buyer requirements magnifies their intimate knowledge of the space and contributed greatly to the companys overall success. The decision was made to concentrate on an open surgery strategy. Early adoption, particularly for a subaltern fish in a big pond, is critical to any start up. This direction, spearheaded by management, was a deft decision for several reasons. The customer base in this field consists of an end user with a complex hierarchy and buyer process. However, it is ultima tely the end users decision which makes or breaks a product in this ield. Therefore, the decision to prove the product for use in open surgeries as opposed to laparoscopic procedures vastly increased the attractiveness to the early adopter base. The open surgery tool strategy enabled doctors to rely on backwards compatibility (the ability to simply fall back on the tried and true caterpillar tread and suture method), another key point with experimental tools and methods. Prior to Starions laser tissue welding breakthrough, the most common electrosurgical tool was the monopolar device, also known as the Bovie device.With this technology, the patient is wired to a fundament pad that provides a path for the electrical current to flow. The surgeon uses an electrode to pass a high-frequency electrical current through a patient to cut and cauterize tissue in a selected area. The Bovie requires a generator that costs between $7,500 and $10,500 a year. In addition, each operation require s disposable (one time use) grounding pads and electrodes, whose combined cost is 5 to 6 dollars per procedure. The disadvantages include (relatively rare) situations in which the device causes burns to the patient at the side of the grounding pad.Additionally, the Bovies high energy output can interfere with the ever growing mass of electronic equipment in modern operating rooms. An alternative to the Bovie device is the UltraCision, also known as the harmonic scalpel. This device uses ultrasound to generate the heat needed to cut and seal tissues. Ethicon Endo-Surgery Inc. a Jonson & Johnson subsidiary owns UltraCision. Starion estimates that the ultrasound based product has annual gross sales of approximately $100 million. Like the Bovie device, the UltraCision system requires a reusable power supply, which costs approximately $15,000.The system also uses an electrical cable that costs $630 and must be replaced after approximately 100 surgeries. In addition, single-use tips tha t cost approximately $325 are also required. Given the relatively high degree of cost associated with marketing medical technologies, Starion pursued a strategy in which it would segment a large market and avoid going head to head with its competitors. Due to its small size and relative weaknesses, Starion was forced to parse the market even further deciding to promote its technology specifically for use in a single procedure which would greatly reduce the overall cost of their product launch.The variable costs, excluding sales commissions, for both the battery and forceps were projected to adequate about 40% of the sales price. Fixed costs, excluding R&D, were expected to total $1. 1 million in the first year of operation and $1. 65 million in the second year. R&D for the first year was projected at $1. 25 million and $1. 45 million for the second year. Given the industry standard, this team up had the necessary components for a successful start-up. The initial engineering and de velopment of a product like Dr.Treats is best done in a small workshop by passionate and dedicated serial entrepreneurs. However, the teams inability to surrender the reigns of the company inexorably inhibited the firms future growth. Conversely, the small, dedicated team was able to react dynamically to the market positioning their product with care in a segment which allowed a gain in market share. This short success may well translate to continued development besides, the degree of future shareholder value is limited by an order of magnitude equal to the founders shortsightedness.In the medical device field, there are some significant barriers to entry the combination of patents, expensive/extensive clinical trials and research in conjunction with strict federal government oversight can overwhelm smaller companies, and help protect established players against competition. The FDA is the primary regulator of medical devices, and its decree is to insure that the devices that rea ch the market are safe and effective. The medical device industry is populated by a small number of major device manufacturers and diversified medical companies in addition to the large number of small companies.Dominant players in the industry include Johnson & Johnson, Baxter International, Becton Dickinson, Medtronic, Guidant, Boston Scientific, and U. S. Surgical (a unit of Tyco). The combined market capitalization of the industry leaders mentioned is approximately $300 billion with the smallest just over $9 billion (Source Bloomberg). Medical products and services companies invest around 8% of annual revenues in R&D, this compares to 3 to 4% invested by U. S. manufacturers (Standard & Poors). However, the true path to innovation in this industry is through mergers and acquisitions.Due to overwhelming development and toil costs coupled with a large upfront marketing outlay, partnership and acquisitions are the industry norm, not the exception. Even well capitalized companies wi ll often pack the route above, rather than face the huge barriers that exist in this market. The Four Ps Product, Promotion, resistance and Price. Product Revolutionary technology. Promotion Combination of in-house and franchised channels. Protection Strong IP backed not only by the company but by Columbia. Price 91. 45% savingsSpeaks for itself.Further data was not supplied however the following is an example of some of the continued financial analysis we would conduct. Financial analysis network ratios Gross Profit Margin = (Sales revenue COGS) / Sales taxation Net Profit Margin = Net Income / Sales Revenue exit on total Assets = Net income available to common stock holders / Total Assets Return on stock holders equity = net income available to common stock holders / stockholders equity Liquidity Ratios circulating(prenominal) Ratios = Current Assets / Current liabilities Quick Ratio = (Current assets Inventory) / Current liabilities Inventory Turnover = COGS / Invento ryLeverage Ratios Debt-to-Assets Ratio = Total Debt / Total Assets Debt-To-Equity Ratio = Total Debt / Total Equity Cash Flow Analysis Determine appropriate debt levels, payout periods and additional analysis to confirm liquidity. Net Profit Margin = Net Income / Sales Revenue First Year -4,639,464/4,000,000= -1. 16 Second Year -689,333/8,000,000 = -. 086 Gross Profit Margin = (Sales revenue COGS) / Sales Revenue (4,000,000 1600000) / 4,000,000 = 0. 6 Pricing strategy Pricing is currently very aggressive and sales strategy prudent.Initial management was punish properly, however it is likely that changes will need to be made in the near term to achieve significant market share. Partners Strategic alignments are mainstays in this industry and should be aggressively pursued. Strategic investment merger acquisition. Intellectual Property IP is an essential aspect of any medical device company given the simplicity of the concept the device may come up against some protection issues. E arly indications seem to support the strength of the companys IP, however it is certainly a concern which warrants further investigation.Note Both Starion and Columbia would be behind any major IP issue. Given the state of the industry and the unique positioning of the companys IP prospects a partnership/acquisition would be our main point of recommendation in the near term. During this revolution it may be prudent to rethink the current organizational structure, with a specific focal point on senior management (when moving to a new phase often times senior management, who were suited for the initial stage or better succeeded by a new team).RECOMMENDATIONS Our recommendation consists of trine key elements that will drive profitability, continued growth, and increase market share adding shareholder value. Breakeven and ultimately profitability can be achieved (1) by instituting aggressive determine to both vendors and sales force, (2) the merger of Starion Instruments with a bigg er firm and/or (3) the acquisition of another firm that will allow them to manufacture, distribute, market and sell the product at a cheaper and more efficient manner.Current State Currently, Starion is the one of the world leaders on surgical device development. It has expanded worldwide distribution of its patented tissue welding technology to physicians in North America, Europe, the Middle East, Africa, and Asia. Last year the Society of Laparoendoscopic Surgeons named Starion Instruments the 2007 Innovator of the Year for the development of its next-generation Tissue Ligating Shears which use its innovative cut and cauterizing technology.Since the launch of their original Cautery Forceps, Starion has created an entire line of Forceps and Ligating Shears which can all be viewed on their website http//www. starioninstruments. com/products. html. They are still a privately held company which is astounding given their tremendous success. This is not surprising given the fact that t he first time they were offered to be bought out they declined. This has kept the leaders at the mercy of the owners and founders and will provide a unique company such as Starion the ability to continue providing innovative, cost efficient, and quality

Modernism in “A passage to India”

Modernism refers to a classification of literature that was written between 1914 and 1965. E. M. Forsters A Passage to India was produce in 1924, placing it in the early years of the Modernist Period as well as within the Georgian Age (Harmon 597). In artistic production and literature, Modernism paralleled the leap out of industrial technology and advances in science. In music, atonalism that is, music which deliberately avoids key centers and is often dissonant was produced by composers such as Arnold Schoenberg. Visual art found expression in cubism. Theories by Sigmund Freud to a fault had a powerful influence on this movement.In literature, the fashionable writing style is characterized by interruption with tradition. It is inner-self oriented, and that inner-self is often explored using a stream of consciousness manner. Modernism rejects traditional values and assumptions. The individual takes pride of place while the social and outward be cast aside. Some scholars see Modernism as a reaction to the practical and systematic sensibilities of Realism and Naturalism (Harmon 326).Not surprisingly, the Modern Era was also when Existentialism came into prominence a related philosophy in which human beings are expected to create their own meaning for existence. Forsters oriental person-leaning characters in this novel digest examples of a Modernistic mindset contrasting with the traditional English Imperialist mindset provided by other characters. Forster uses the symbol of water to represent the idea of successor in the Temple chapter.There is an event in which the Hindus are preparing to throw God away (Forster 308), and part of the ceremony involves a replica of the village of Gokul that is hardened on a tray and is to perish. Meanwhile, the British and others are in boats out in the water, observing the festivities, and the boats collide, expelling the passengers. The symbolic village perishes so that it can be renewed, and is model of the rene wal of mindsets of some of the passengers in the boats.Aziz in particular in the latter portion of the Temple section, exhibits several examples of stream of consciousness thinking. In one display case Fielding asks Aziz to meet with Stella and Ralph, and Aziz does not reply. Instead, the reader is allowed into his thoughts, which are not linear but circular, and is one example of how a human mind jumps around from bailiwick to feeling to emotion and back (Forster 314).Because Forster is examining traditional values through a Modernistic lens in this novel, material detail is much less distinguished than what the characters are thinking. The action in this story is in each characters mind, and how they grapple with new ideas concerning culture, religion, and morality.Professor Godbole and Mrs. Moore express their inner character and the workings of their minds in an Oriental manner, embodied in the Hindu sensibility. Mrs. Moore, although a Christian, is accepted into Oriental cul ture, and she clashes with Heaslop prior to Azizs trial. Heaslop does not understand his mother because he does not recognize her spirituality, and he sides with the English Imperialist mindset against Aziz, theOriental. Mrs. Moore will have no part in helping her son succeed to the detriment of an Oriental. She ultimately leaves India and the trial (Forster 201).In A Passage to India, Forster uses Modernism to explore the inclusive attitude of the Oriental and how diverse people make their passages in coming to terms with this sensibility. Forster makes use of a Modernistic approach to help him tell a story with great depth, complexity and surprise.Works CitedForster, E. M. A Passage to India. New York Harcourt, 1924.Harmon, William and C. High Holman. A Handbook to Literature. seventh ed. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey Prentice Hall, 1996.

Graduation Speech Essay

?Its a r atomic number 18 opportunity to be given this privilege to spill the beans to young minds like youthe youth whose minds and thinking are ideal, pure and filled with enthusiasm. Our theme is The Graduate A Partner Towards Transformational Society, An Answer to Societal Change. We cannot outlet social change if we ignore the social problems that are in our midst nowadays facing our very eyes. We should dig deeper to the root causes of these social problems. Every day, every hour, and every minute of our lives, we hear, we see the social problems besetting our country and our community.Thither is poverty, corruption in the government, violence, drug addiction, crimes, injustice and so on as if they are here to stay. Are there no more solutions for these ills of society? How and when can we stop this? The real root causes of these problems are the values of the people which they were brought up. Diploma is nothing without honorable values. We have intelligent people in our so ciety notwithstanding they do not possess the right values. They think only for themselves. We have intelligent graduates but they ended up as greedy politicians and greedy businessmen.We have intelligent graduates but they are also indifferent, self-centered, irresponsible and lazy. What the society needs now are graduates who are disciplined, hardworking, honest, hospitable, makiKapwa, makaDiyos at Makabayan, not intelligent alone. Graduates, I encourage you to participate in our Sangguniang Kabataan actively in all its programs and activities. Let us always live the bayanihan spirit and start it with the SK. Its alright to aim for success in life. But true success is not only with becoming rich in material respect but rich with moral values.To our graduates, lets not forget our Filipino values. Lets keep our moral fibers whole as we go along the ladders of success. We know we cannot transform our society overnight. We know we cannot do it alone. As the future leaders of our so ciety, you, graduates, should start now in your protest little ways. Parents, and teachers, lets us be a model to them and help our graduates in directing their pathto the path that is noble and worth living. To the graduates, congratulations, and whitethorn God Bless you.

Ashton DeShazier Essay

My name is Ashton DeShazier. I was born in Selmer, Tennessee. I am promptly from the fiddling town of Lexington, Tennessee, but my dreams have neer been small. I can non remember ever wanting any other career than that of a doctor. Soon after my birth, Mother became a single mom. She had to turn over regular to support us. I influenceed early the value of hard work, but this is just a small part of what she has given me. Throughout my life, my mother has been there for me at all times, finished all circumstances, and especially when no one else was.She is my Rock of Gibraltar whenever a bother occurs. She has taught me the importance of motherhood, dedication to work, and loyalty to those you love. I learn quickly, and academics come easily to me. I also began setting other goals for myself in elementary rail. In the one-sixth grade at Caywood Elementary, my goal was to be a cheerleader. I not only when met, but also exceeded my goal by becoming the petty(prenominal) var sity Cheerleading squad captain. I continued in the diversion of cheer leading, once again becoming captain in the eighth grade.I was chosen for the Junior Beta Club in seventh and eighth grade as well. During this same time period, I became a member of Show Choir, a musical group at Caywood that performed Christmas and spring shows for the community-at- large, and the elderly in nursing homes in particular. My junior high years ended with me joining caper, receiving one of the leading separate in an important play, and receiving the honor of Homecoming Princess. I began my high school career at Lexington High School. I continued to set goals for myself, but outright with college in my sites.I reaffirmed my dedication to becoming a doctor, knowing I would never let this dream slip away. Vanderbilt is looking for prospective students who are leaders. I demonstrated throughout high school that leadership is one of my greatest assets. I attended Lexington High School the entire four years. From my freshman through my senior years, I was on the Competition saltation Team and an active member in D. A. R. E. For three years I was in both Drama and Beta, an organization requiring a cumulative GPA of at least 95.My ability to adopt more responsibility resulted in me committing to additional groups and committees throughout the four years. These groups include World Travelers, Spanish Club(as President), Beta Upsilon Mu Sorority, Senior Committee, and annual Staff. Additionally, I joined Renaissance. Admittance is based on academic excellence, superior behavior, and attendance records. I am a member of both the Honor orderliness and the Future Community and Career Leaders of America(FCCLA). At the end of my junior year, it was time to choose my classes for the nigh year.While many of my friends chose to end their high school years with easy classes, I chose many of the hardest classes offered. I knew that to achieve my goals of attending Vanderbilt and medi cal school, I could not take the easy road. I know the work will be hard and the challenges great, and I am anxious to prove myself worth. Acceptance at Vanderbilt is genuinely important to me, and I will not accept anything less. I have considered many different schools, but I always return to Vanderbilt University as my only choice.What attracts me most is Vanderbilts high standards and reputation for excellence, traits I have honed and maintained throughout my schooling. Preparing to become a doctor means many more years of education, and I must learn from the best. My name is Ashton DeShazier. I was born in Selmer, Tennessee. I am now from the small town of Lexington, Tennessee, but my dreams have never been small. I cannot remember ever wanting any other career than that of a doctor. Soon after my birth, Mother became a single mom.She had to work full-time to support us. I learned early the value of hard work, but this is just a small part of what she has given me. Throughout my life, my mother has been there for me at all times, through all circumstances, and especially when no one else was. She is my Rock of Gibraltar whenever a problem occurs. She has taught me the importance of motherhood, dedication to work, and loyalty to those you love. I learn quickly, and academics come easily to me. I also began setting other goals for myself in elementary school.In the sixth grade at Caywood Elementary, my goal was to be a cheerleader. I not only met, but also exceeded my goal by becoming the Junior Varsity Cheerleading squad captain. I continued in the sport of cheer leading, once again becoming captain in the eighth grade. I was chosen for the Junior Beta Club in seventh and eighth grade as well. During this same time period, I became a member of Show Choir, a musical group at Caywood that performed Christmas and spring shows for the community-at- large, and the elderly in nursing homes in particular.My junior high years ended with me joining Drama, receivin g one of the leading parts in an important play, and receiving the honor of Homecoming Princess. I began my high school career at Lexington High School. I continued to set goals for myself, but now with college in my sites. I reaffirmed my dedication to becoming a doctor, knowing I would never let this dream slip away. Vanderbilt is looking for prospective students who are leaders. I demonstrated throughout high school that leadership is one of my greatest assets.I attended Lexington High School the entire four years. From my freshman through my senior years, I was on the Competition Dance Team and an active member in D. A. R. E. For three years I was in both Drama and Beta, an organization requiring a cumulative GPA of at least 95. My ability to accept more responsibility resulted in me committing to additional groups and committees throughout the four years. These groups included World Travelers, Spanish Club(as President), Beta Upsilon Mu Sorority, Senior Committee, and Annual St aff.Additionally, I joined Renaissance. Admittance is based on academic excellence, superior behavior, and attendance records. I am a member of both the Honor Society and the Future Community and Career Leaders of America(FCCLA). At the end of my junior year, it was time to choose my classes for the next year. While many of my friends chose to end their high school years with easy classes, I chose many of the hardest classes offered. I knew that to achieve my goals of attending Vanderbilt and medical school, I could not take the easy road.I know the work will be hard and the challenges great, and I am anxious to prove myself worth. Acceptance at Vanderbilt is very important to me, and I will not accept anything less. I have considered many different schools, but I always return to Vanderbilt University as my only choice. What attracts me most is Vanderbilts high standards and reputation for excellence, traits I have honed and maintained throughout my schooling. Preparing to become a doctor means many more years of education, and I must learn from the best.