Motherhood, the Needle and Thread - 1405 Words

Think of one person you can turn to for advice, expect love and warmth from, or tell you who you should be dating. In most cases one’s mother or a mother figure would spring into their minds. Motherhood is and underlying theme that affects all characters in both Persepolis and A Thousand Splendid Suns. Essentially, it highlights the unfair treatment directed towards women in their countries. During the course of both novels all women, even those who were not mothers, are burdened with the strict morals imposed upon them. For instance, Marjane had issues with staying true to herself and Laila had difficulties with raising her daughter Aziza and son Zalmai. These religious and governmental restrictions enforced upon women by men facilitated in painting a clear portrayal of sacrifice, strength and love that women and mothers needed to attain in order to survive. Despite the prevalence of a masculine dominant society, the true importance of motherhood and femininity prevails; bind ing the novels Persepolis and A Thousand Splendid Suns. Relative to both novels, motherhood can be assigned an all-encompassing definition. Motherhood is the feeling of warmth, cultural memory, and freedom; it is willing to sacrifice anything for the betterment of the child. One does not have to physically bare an offspring to be considered a mother. To embrace the characteristics of motherhood means presenting ultimate love and affection and using complete agency when raising the child. MaternityShow MoreRelatedThe Origins Of The Tattoo2467 Words   |  10 Pages I am planning on getting a new tattoo in the next six months and have been carefully thinking about what type of symbolism I want this specific tattoo to have. I am looking for something that represents motherhood, love, feminism and the pure joy I have for being the mother of three amazing children. In this paper, I will be exploring the origins of the tattoo, a style of tattoo I am interested in, the colors and symbols of what I want to get and their meanings. There appears to be no specificRead MoreThe Ballad of the Sad Cafe46714 Words   |  187 PagesMiss Amelia received sick people, for she enjoyed doctoring and did a great deal of it. Two whole shelves were crowded with bottles and various paraphernalia. Against the wall was a bench where the patients sat. She could sew up a wound with a burnt needle so that it would not turn green. For burns she had a cool, sweet syrup. For unlocated sickness there were any number of different medicines which she had brewed herself from unknown recipes. They wrenched loose the bowels very well, but they couldRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pagesmanagers. This finding challenges the historical assumption that promotions are based on performance, and it illustrates the importance of networking and political skills in getting ahead in organizations. A Review of the Manager’s Job One common thread runs through the functions, roles, skills, activities, and approaches to management: Each recognizes the paramount importance of managing people, whether it is called â€Å"the leading function,† â€Å"interpersonal roles,† â€Å"human skills,† or â€Å"human resource

Minority Research Paper - 2766 Words

PRINCIPLES OF MARKETING - MKTG_310_C_12-53 February 7th, 2013 Minority Research Paper # 1 HISPANIC AMERICAN Question: Total numbers in the U.S. Answer: 52.0 million is the estimated Hispanic population of the United States as of July 1, 2011 Question: Percent of the total U. S. population Answer: 63% of Hispanic-origin people in the United States who were of Mexican background in 2010. Question: Rate of growth Answer: More than 1 of every two people added to the nations population between July 1, 2008, and July 1, 2009, was Hispanic. There were 1.4 million Hispanics added to the population during the period. Question: Average household size Answer: 10.7 million of Hispanic family households in the United States in†¦show more content†¦In 2002, the latest year for which statistics are available, there were 170,241 African Americans enrolled in degree-granting graduate schools. This was an all-time high. Blacks were 8.4 percent of the total enrollments in U.S. graduate schools Question: Average or median income levels Answer: Black Median Household income: $33,460 Question: Geographic location(s) – metro, states, etc. - Answer: According to the 2010 Census, of all respondents who reported Black alone-or-in-combination, 55 percent lived in the South, 18 percent in the Midwest, 17 percent in the Northeast, and 10 percent in the West. This pattern was similar for the Black alone population. Compared to 2000, the proportions of the Black alone-or-in-combination population for the West stayed about the same, while the proportions increased The Northeast census region includes Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont. The Midwest census region includes Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin. The South census region includes Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, the District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia. The West censusShow MoreRelatedMinority Research Paper1715 Words   |  7 Pageseach group and shouldn’t be afraid to tap into each market. Below is information on the three largest minority groups in the United States and what each one prefers. African Americans †¢ The total numbers in the US is 42 million (â€Å"United States Census Bureau†). †¢ African Americans make up 13.6% of the total US population (â€Å"United States Census Bureau†). †¢ The rate of growth for this minority group from 2000 to 2010 was 15.4% (â€Å"United States Census Bureau†). †¢ The average household size is 2Read MoreChallenges Faced By Ethnic Minority Supervisors1216 Words   |  5 PagesChallenges Faced By Ethnic Minority Supervisors in Clinical Supervision Personal Preparation My specialization paper will focus on the challenges faced by ethnic minority supervisors in clinical supervision. My paper is guided by the courses I took in the doctoral program, my personal experience as a supervisor and the gaps in literature review that motivated me to pursue this area of research. In the past two and a half years of my doctoral program, I took courses (advanced clinical supervisionRead MoreWorking As A Juvenile Supervision Officer For The Fort Bend County Juvenile Probation Department1350 Words   |  6 Pages Working as a Juvenile Supervision Officer for the Fort Bend County Juvenile Probation Department, I come in contact with a lot of juvenile offenders. What I have notice during my tenure is that the majority of the juveniles I see are minorities, African- American, Hispanic and Asian young men and women. According to The Sentencing Project, â€Å"In 2010, African Americans comprised 17 percent of all juveniles, but 31 percent of all arrests.† Do juveniles of color commit crimes and come in contact withRead MoreLegal Writing1315 Words   |  6 Pagesof giving preference to racial minorities or women when hiring employees, giving awards, or deciding whom to admit (So you Wanna, 2003). Affirmative action arose out of a desire to bring minority groups into institutions and professions that had traditionally been dominated by white males. It first appeared after the Civil Rights movement of the 1960s as an attempt to accompany the new legal equality gained for minorities with soci al and economic equality. This paper I will discuss the history, advantagesRead MoreThe Reason Why Minorities Are Often Suspected First Of Doing Violent Crime1525 Words   |  7 Pages The following paper will try to discover the reason why minorities are often suspected first of doing violent crime, instead of their counterparts. A general reason why trying to understand this phenomenon is important is for the consequences it brings. When an individual, in this case minorities, are suspected of doing violent crime, they are more often targeted more than usual. This leads to mostly minorities being in prison, and in most states, they are not allowed to vote. This is crucial forRead MoreStructure Of The Paper : The Article Is Presented Using The Journal Style Scientific Paper Format989 Words   |  4 PagesIV. Structure of the Paper: The article is presented using the ‘Journal-Style Scientific Paper’ format. The authors introduce the topic of ‘ethnic segregation in post-Soviet cities’ within the context of Soviet immigration policies. The purpose of the study â€Å"explores how inherited segregation patterns have evolved in the city of Tartu, Estonia† (Leetmaa ,162) in the post-Soviet period marked by Estonian statehood and a free-market economy. The historical material is divided into four sections: 1)Read MoreWhat Is Conducting Marketing Research1319 Words   |  6 PagesConducting Marketing Research Name Institution Date Introduction The marketing research is important in establishing the characteristics of the target market (Wong Law, 2002). This will enable the organization to strategize on how to reach more markets and increase sales. This paper will consider the exploratory research which may be conducted to establish the factors hindering the American minority groups from investing. Major Research Question What hinders many American minority groups from investingRead MoreConfucian Beliefs And Its Impact On Society939 Words   |  4 Pagesa personal characteristic valued on the market, unrelated to productivity. Throughout this paper, a theoretical and empirical approach will be taken to showcase whether or not over time education investments by race converge or diverge the current wage gap. If it in fact diverges, the topic of discrimination will be discussed to explain what is not being captured in the data. The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. Section II provides the background and literature review. Section III†¦SectionRead MorePublic Opinion of Police by Different Ethnic Groups Essay1136 Words   |  5 Pages It has been known that African Americans and Hispanics have lower levels of trust and confidence in police because of racial disparities and racial profiling. This paper will discuss the public opinion of police by different ethnic groups and how racial minorities hold lower levels of trust and confidence in police. The paper will further discuss the November 5, 1992 Detroit Police beating of Malice Green and how members of the community perceived police response after the beating. ExpressRead MoreRacism And How Laws Created Over Centuries1158 Words   |  5 PagesThis paper investigates many different articles and reports on the origins of racism and how laws created over centuries have still failed to completely annihilate the practice of bigotry against minorities. Through the examination of different stories, articles, and research, this paper suggests and supports the idea of racism being implemented secretly through the institution system, and the relationship between the reality of a minority with a job compared to someone else with the same job. This

Minority Research Paper - 2766 Words

PRINCIPLES OF MARKETING - MKTG_310_C_12-53 February 7th, 2013 Minority Research Paper # 1 HISPANIC AMERICAN Question: Total numbers in the U.S. Answer: 52.0 million is the estimated Hispanic population of the United States as of July 1, 2011 Question: Percent of the total U. S. population Answer: 63% of Hispanic-origin people in the United States who were of Mexican background in 2010. Question: Rate of growth Answer: More than 1 of every two people added to the nations population between July 1, 2008, and July 1, 2009, was Hispanic. There were 1.4 million Hispanics added to the population during the period. Question: Average household size Answer: 10.7 million of Hispanic family households in the United States in†¦show more content†¦In 2002, the latest year for which statistics are available, there were 170,241 African Americans enrolled in degree-granting graduate schools. This was an all-time high. Blacks were 8.4 percent of the total enrollments in U.S. graduate schools Question: Average or median income levels Answer: Black Median Household income: $33,460 Question: Geographic location(s) – metro, states, etc. - Answer: According to the 2010 Census, of all respondents who reported Black alone-or-in-combination, 55 percent lived in the South, 18 percent in the Midwest, 17 percent in the Northeast, and 10 percent in the West. This pattern was similar for the Black alone population. Compared to 2000, the proportions of the Black alone-or-in-combination population for the West stayed about the same, while the proportions increased The Northeast census region includes Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont. The Midwest census region includes Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin. The South census region includes Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, the District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia. The West censusShow MoreRelatedMinority Research Paper1715 Words   |  7 Pageseach group and shouldn’t be afraid to tap into each market. Below is information on the three largest minority groups in the United States and what each one prefers. African Americans †¢ The total numbers in the US is 42 million (â€Å"United States Census Bureau†). †¢ African Americans make up 13.6% of the total US population (â€Å"United States Census Bureau†). †¢ The rate of growth for this minority group from 2000 to 2010 was 15.4% (â€Å"United States Census Bureau†). †¢ The average household size is 2Read MoreChallenges Faced By Ethnic Minority Supervisors1216 Words   |  5 PagesChallenges Faced By Ethnic Minority Supervisors in Clinical Supervision Personal Preparation My specialization paper will focus on the challenges faced by ethnic minority supervisors in clinical supervision. My paper is guided by the courses I took in the doctoral program, my personal experience as a supervisor and the gaps in literature review that motivated me to pursue this area of research. In the past two and a half years of my doctoral program, I took courses (advanced clinical supervisionRead MoreWorking As A Juvenile Supervision Officer For The Fort Bend County Juvenile Probation Department1350 Words   |  6 Pages Working as a Juvenile Supervision Officer for the Fort Bend County Juvenile Probation Department, I come in contact with a lot of juvenile offenders. What I have notice during my tenure is that the majority of the juveniles I see are minorities, African- American, Hispanic and Asian young men and women. According to The Sentencing Project, â€Å"In 2010, African Americans comprised 17 percent of all juveniles, but 31 percent of all arrests.† Do juveniles of color commit crimes and come in contact withRead MoreLegal Writing1315 Words   |  6 Pagesof giving preference to racial minorities or women when hiring employees, giving awards, or deciding whom to admit (So you Wanna, 2003). Affirmative action arose out of a desire to bring minority groups into institutions and professions that had traditionally been dominated by white males. It first appeared after the Civil Rights movement of the 1960s as an attempt to accompany the new legal equality gained for minorities with soci al and economic equality. This paper I will discuss the history, advantagesRead MoreThe Reason Why Minorities Are Often Suspected First Of Doing Violent Crime1525 Words   |  7 Pages The following paper will try to discover the reason why minorities are often suspected first of doing violent crime, instead of their counterparts. A general reason why trying to understand this phenomenon is important is for the consequences it brings. When an individual, in this case minorities, are suspected of doing violent crime, they are more often targeted more than usual. This leads to mostly minorities being in prison, and in most states, they are not allowed to vote. This is crucial forRead MoreStructure Of The Paper : The Article Is Presented Using The Journal Style Scientific Paper Format989 Words   |  4 PagesIV. Structure of the Paper: The article is presented using the ‘Journal-Style Scientific Paper’ format. The authors introduce the topic of ‘ethnic segregation in post-Soviet cities’ within the context of Soviet immigration policies. The purpose of the study â€Å"explores how inherited segregation patterns have evolved in the city of Tartu, Estonia† (Leetmaa ,162) in the post-Soviet period marked by Estonian statehood and a free-market economy. The historical material is divided into four sections: 1)Read MoreWhat Is Conducting Marketing Research1319 Words   |  6 PagesConducting Marketing Research Name Institution Date Introduction The marketing research is important in establishing the characteristics of the target market (Wong Law, 2002). This will enable the organization to strategize on how to reach more markets and increase sales. This paper will consider the exploratory research which may be conducted to establish the factors hindering the American minority groups from investing. Major Research Question What hinders many American minority groups from investingRead MoreConfucian Beliefs And Its Impact On Society939 Words   |  4 Pagesa personal characteristic valued on the market, unrelated to productivity. Throughout this paper, a theoretical and empirical approach will be taken to showcase whether or not over time education investments by race converge or diverge the current wage gap. If it in fact diverges, the topic of discrimination will be discussed to explain what is not being captured in the data. The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. Section II provides the background and literature review. Section III†¦SectionRead MorePublic Opinion of Police by Different Ethnic Groups Essay1136 Words   |  5 Pages It has been known that African Americans and Hispanics have lower levels of trust and confidence in police because of racial disparities and racial profiling. This paper will discuss the public opinion of police by different ethnic groups and how racial minorities hold lower levels of trust and confidence in police. The paper will further discuss the November 5, 1992 Detroit Police beating of Malice Green and how members of the community perceived police response after the beating. ExpressRead MoreRacism And How Laws Created Over Centuries1158 Words   |  5 PagesThis paper investigates many different articles and reports on the origins of racism and how laws created over centuries have still failed to completely annihilate the practice of bigotry against minorities. Through the examination of different stories, articles, and research, this paper suggests and supports the idea of racism being implemented secretly through the institution system, and the relationship between the reality of a minority with a job compared to someone else with the same job. This

Psychoanalytic Therapy and Behavior Therapy

Question: Discuss about the Psychoanalytic Therapy and Behavior Therapy. Answer: Introduction Mei Ling is seeking counseling for depression, and this is as a result of the thoughts she has been having in the recent past. She has been married for 14 years, and according to her, her husband could divorce her, as he is having an affair. She has been going through some medical examination but no physical symptoms have been seen in the past 4 months. This he has been resulted to the depression diagnosis. She has stated that she has been feeling down and depressed for most of the time. Other than this, she has a lot of difficulty motivating herself, and has had a hard time going to work. Other than this, she has been short-tempered, and has feelings of agitation and has been withdrawing to herself most of the time. Mei Ling experienced the divorce of her parents, and she was 9 years old then. After the divorce, her mother became depressed, and also withdrew from her and her siblings emotionally. According to the Psychoanalytic Therapy model, Mei Lings problem could be based on the subconscious. This is in consideration with the assumptions made in this model. The model establishes that psychological problems are rooted in the unconscious (Meichenbaum, 2007). It also indicates that the problems could be caused by unresolved issues during development. In Mei Lings case, therefore, the depression issues could be as a result of the divorce of the parents which she experienced. There are chances that she did not completely recover from the ordeal, and this could be haunting her currently. Case Conceptualization as a counselor Different ways are applied in the consideration of the situation for each individual patient with the application of the psychoanalytic therapy approach. There are, however, several assumptions which one can apply for all situations. The concepts applied in the case of Mei Ling, therefore, are based on these assumptions. The assumptions include the statement that psychological problems are rooted in the unconscious. It is also stated that the symptoms are as a result of some hidden disturbances (Hooley, Neale, Davison, 2009). Further, the causes of the psychological issues are as a result of the issu4es that one experienced while growing up which are unresolved. It could also be as a result of repressed trauma by the patient. Treatment in this case aims at bringing the conflicts which are repressed to the surface where the individuals are in a position to work through them. This, therefore, helps these people in dealing with the issues. The participant is helped to work through and understand the conflicts that cause the current situation (O'Donohue, Fisher, 2009). As such, this form of therapy ensures that the participant is on a position to work through all the issues in a deeper way. This is made possible by the fact that an individual is in a position to understand the problems they had in their past. As such, one is able to establish the connection between the past and the current problems in their lives. The concepts in this case, therefore are based on the connection between past issues and present problems. As such, the counselor has to identify the events which could be significant in the individuals life, which could have triggered the current problems. The psychoanalysts in this case, therefore, believe in the effect the events that took place in ones childhood or past events could take place in the present. The unconscious feelings, thoughts, as well as the motivations are known to play a major role in the maladaptive behaviors, as well as the mental illnesses. Techniques used This form of therapy involves one speaking freely of their experiences from childhood, and mentioning all major events (Chapman, 2006). The therapist pays close attention to all these narrations, trying hard to point out all the major events. One gives the information without interruption, and the sessions are driven by insight, where the therapist looks to foster change. The therapist applies some techniques while listening to the individual narrates their life experiences. These techniques are used to help in the identification of the cause for the concerns. One of the techniques is the free association. Under this technique, one says everything that comes to the mind without editing it. The therapist in this case is involved in ensuring that the individual states all that is in their mind freely (Macdonald, 2007). The memories, as well as the ideas come out as clearly as they appear in the mind of the individual. As such, the therapist is in a position to identify the true and rea l information of the participant. Moreover, the individual is in a position to freely express all the feelings and emotions in them. The individual is also assisted in returning to the initial emotional state by speaking out all the concerns. This, in turn, helps the individual to understand the current patterns that cause the conflict within them, and this situation is identified in a clear manner. As such, the therapist is in a position to help the individual go through the conflict. The second technique in this form of therapy is the interpretation. Psychoanalytic therapy involves the application of reading between the lines (Fransella, 2005). During the individual narration of the events and experiences, the therapist interjects the session with thoughts and interpretations of the topics in discussion. At this point the therapist may even ask about the individuals dreams. This is important in understanding the individuals subconscious mind. The third and last technique applied in this form of therapy is the therapeutic transference. Here, the therapist establishes the manner in which the transference relates to some significant people in ones life. These people may include an individual/s parents. This is helpful in identifying the manner in which such people may have impacted on the participants life. As such, one is in a position to get additional insight on the manner in which one deals with people and events and people in their lives. These techniques could be applied in the case of Mei Ling to establish the cause of the problems she is currently going through. According to the therapy, the issues which she went through as a child, could be the cause of the current problems. It has already been established that Mei Ling was only 9 when her parents went through with divorce. As such, she was not in a position to get over the issue of divorce. It is also identified that her mother had a lot of issues after the divorce, and even withdrew from her and her siblings. Being the first born, she had to provide emotional support to her siblings, and also worried about the condition of her mother. This, therefore, is the major cause of her anxiety and the issues she is currently going through. These techniques are, therefore, effective in identifying the cause of all the problems Mei Ling is facing currently. The job of the therapist in his case will be to assist her overcome those issues, seeing that they have already been identified. Multicultural considerations using the theoretical model Narrative theory provides one with the understanding of the numerous complex issues that face diverse people (Dobson, 2010). It is even established that schools find some difficulty in offering counsel to the students due to the cultural differences that are identifiable among the students. This is also the case for the counselors offering guidance and assistance to different participants. Moreover, clinical competency practices are required in the field of mental health due to the differences in the kind of services delivered to diverse ethnic groups. As such, cultural competency is important in offering therapy sessions. It is important for the therapist to consider some multicultural factors when attending to different individuals. Diversity, multiculturalism, as well as cultural competency are significant topics for the past four decades in dealing with mental health issues. For the counselor to have an inclusive approach in the counseling practice, they have to develop multicult ural competencies. This is important to ensure all the diverse backgrounds are considered. Some of the factors that a counselor needs to identify include clients culture, identity, race, gender, ethnicity, as well as other elements of diversity. These are factors that play a major role in the counseling process. Other factors that the counselor should consider during the counseling include spirituality, religion, maturity, socioeconomic class, geographic location, family history, as well as sexual orientation (Burton, 2010). The first step at ensuring cultural differences are not a hindrance to the counseling process is having knowledge of the differences between the counselor and the client. Self-reflection is, therefore, important in the process of becoming a culturally-competent counselor. One should identify the personal view on different issues, and compare them with those of the people different from them. This will be vital in ensuring one is able to identify personal feelings, prejudices, as well as stereotypical ideas that one has about the clients from different cultural backgrounds. Further, it is important for the professional counselor to understand all unique cultural differences in a continual process. As such, the counselor should embrace all the opportunities of gaining new skills from the different clients. Critical evaluation of the counseling session Describe the counseling relationship Counseling does not only involve exploring the core issues and gaining the diverse perspectives on the problems from a psychological perspective. It also involves building a rapport, as well as trust with the counselor (Creek Lougher, 2008). This is important in ensuring that the client feels comfortable enough so as to be in a position to share all the worries in a free manner. The relationship created between the counselor and the client is, therefore, one of the most important aspects in the therapy process. As such, this is the determinant between a positive and a negative counseling experience. To ensure this is done, the counselor must maintain a particular behavior pattern. As such, they must follow some requirements. A counselor should never impose their beliefs on a client, and should maintain impartial and non-judgment. In order for the counselor to ensure that the relationship with the client is effective, they need to ensure that the client to feel comfortable enough to express himself. There must be reciprocal trust, and the counselor has the duty of ensuring that the environment is confidential, and they should also offer empathy, understanding, and respect. As such, the counselor has to ensure that the one of his voice does not affect the relationship (Coetzer, 2006). They should also offer the client adequate time to collect thoughts and express their concerns and difficulties while encouraging the client to relax and talk freely. It is also established that some clients may have difficulty expressing themselves than others. To ensure the relationship is comfortable, the counselor must be aware that such clients require additional sensitivity. One may use open-ended questionnaires to encourage the client to open up. For the relationship between the counselor and the client to be effective, the counselor has to put all these factors into consideration. Role of the counselor The counselor must understand some of the duties that they have prior to getting into a therapy session with the client. The counselor must be likable, and should be in a position to exhibit interpersonal skills. They must also be flexible and able to meet all the needs of every individual by providing person-specific attention (Arkowitz Messer, 2004). Further, a counselor must be in a position to offer multiple sessions where the need arises. The counselor must also exhibit a caring attitude, and have something concrete and applied to offer to the clients. It is also the role of the counselor to offer facilitation to the client of solving the issues in question. They must also show genuine concern, as well as compassion for the dilemmas faced by clients. The counselor must also individualize the interaction with the client depending on the personality type of the client. It is also the duty of the counselor to encourage the client to draw their conclusion on the direction they choo se in resolving the problems. As such, the counselor should challenge the client to formulate a behavioral goal and address the ultimate objective.Bottom of Form Cognitive Behavior Theory The cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a form of talk therapy. The therapist works in a structured way, where one attends a limited number of sessions (Lemma, 2016). CBT assists one to become aware of all the negative and inaccurate thoughts so as to see the challenging situations. As such, one is in a position to see the situations clearly and analyze them well and respond to them in an effective way. CBT helps one to change the manner in which they think, and the way they behave. The changes help one feel better, as it focuses on the state happening at the moment (Jones-Smith, 2012). Rather than focusing on the events that took place in the past, this form of therapy focuses on the current happenings in ones life. As such, with the application of this form of therapy, the Mei Ling situation would be solved by considering the problems she is currently going through. Mei Ling was seeking counseling for depression. She described her symptoms as feeling down and depressed most of th e time. She also added that she would burst into tears and could not explain the reason. Further, going to work was difficult as she was not in a position to motivate herself. Additionally, she felt agitated, and was on the edge. She also felt short-tempered, and also lacked the strength to interact with other people. According to CBT, it is important to focus on the current issues, rather than looking at the past problems. As such, the problems that Mei Ling is experiencing are as a result of the negative thoughts she has. These thoughts include the feelings that her husband could be having an affair and their marriage could end. As such, the therapist will establish the problem to be as a result of these thoughts. Case Conceptualization as a Counselor Concepts used CBT applies the general concept while restructuring the approach to apply. In this case, the components of cognitive therapy with behavioral therapy are combined to identify a therapeutic structure to use. The practice follows six phases which include the psychological assessment which is the stage where the individuals thoughts are established. The second phase is the reconceptualization which comprises the most significant part of the process. The therapy then follow the third step which is skills acquisition where the skills to be used by the patient are identified (Norcross, Goldfried, 2005). The fourth stage is then followed where the skills are consolidated and training of the participant begins. The fifth step is the generalization and maintenance and in this case the sustenance of the skills possessed by the individual is ensured. Finally, the post-treatment evaluation and follow-up is done on the individual. The other concept used in CBT is the negative cognition where beha vioral-cognitive pathology is applied in tracing the focal point of CBT. The maladaptive behaviors are used as the major targets of the therapy. The CBT disturbances are categorized in three cognition underlying psychological disorders. First, the automatic thoughts of the individual are derived as well as from other people so as to establish the psychological disturbance. Secondly, the rules or immediate beliefs refer to the thoughts which are developed by the patient to the prospect of himself, as well as the other people who guide the person/s behaviors. Lastly, the major beliefs involve the thoughts that are developed by the patient which provide the main target of the therapy. The schemes are considered as the main components which influence ones views and beliefs systems, as well as the internal values. These are also in the determination of ones assumptions on the occurrences that happen in life (Smith, 2012). CBT therapeutic framework is further founded on dysfunctional behaviors which impact on a person/s behavior negatively contributing to the stressors. The cognitive theory also involves three schemes which include the connection of negative schemes. These include the self, the world environment, and the future. The patient views himself in a negative manner, otherwise known as cognitive schemes. First, they have a perception of themselves as helpless, deficient, or even unlovable. Secondly, they have a negative perception of the world, and end up withdrawing from everybody. Finally, they believe that the future will only bring further hardships, as well as deprivation and frustrations. Techniques used CBT follows an approach which is problem-based, where the process is oriented on actions as well as interventions. These are established on the consideration of the person/s thoughts which can destroy a persons behaviors (Psychodynamic treatment of anorexia nervosa and bulimia, 2000). The intervention is comprised of some techniques which include the cognitive element which is based on the thoughts, as well as the beliefs of the individuals thoughts. The behaviors of the patient are explored Here the various elements including escape, avoidance, as well as the maladaptive developmental coping behaviors are established. Intervention component is then identified which comprise some elements. First, the realistic thinking is applied where the therapist makes the patient differentiate between the reality, and the cognitive stressors which are generated by tension. The self-instruction training is then done on the patient where the patient is provided with skills to assist them in coping with the tensions. The problem-solving step is then initiated where the therapist together with the therapist go ahead and evaluate the patient, assessing the response behaviors which are appropriate for the patient (Sadock, Sadock, Sadock, 2008). These are then combined with the social learning theory that is in support of the fundamental domain of the technique. The cognitive mediation is then grounded on the manner in which the individual behaves, as well as his emotions and physical reactions. The treatment, therefore, begins with two major occurrences or happenings. The first occurrence is the identification of the behaviors in the patient which do not go in line with the normal functioning, as well as the unhelpful behaviors. This is necessary as it helps in the identification of common knowledge which is present between the patient and the therapist. The second happening is the critical examination of the manner in which the behaviors of the patient were derived. Where these two factors are wel l established, the treatment process is carried out effectively. Multicultural considerations using theoretical model Multiculturalism is characterized by the theoretical, as well as philosophical mannerisms that culture varies between different people. The differences could be as a result of difference in norms, values, traditions, as well as worldviews (Tan, 2011). The cognitive behavior theory, therefore, puts into consideration these differences when identifying the issues and solving the problems affecting different patients. As such, there should be no superior and inferior treatment as all there should be the assumption of equality between all the individuals from all cultures. In the psychology field, multicultural counseling is defined as the therapy process which puts into consideration the treatment techniques, as well as the goals to be achieved after the therapy. The objectives are supposed to be in line with the cultural ties, life experiences, cultural values, as well as the diverse backgrounds (Seiler, 2008). The clinicians should, therefore, be familiar with the different background s and identities present in the world. The cultural factors which are given attention in the field of therapy include education, gender, religion, disabilities, indigenous heritage, national origin, age, generation influences, as well as the sexual orientation. In regard with these considerations, multicultural counseling lays focus on the issues relating to power, marginalization, as well as privilege. The major element in multicultural counseling is the ability to connect with connect with the clients who are influenced by development of the identity, as well as the diverse world perspectives.Bottom of Form There are many methods which can be used to enhance the elements of CBT for anxiety with the to ensure cultural sensitivity (Watts, 2003). This can for instance be achieved by ensuring that the clinicians clearly understand and appreciate the different experiences that may have been acquired by different clients. This can be achieved by the application of the therapeutic stance where multicultural perspective is combined with the perspective with CBT. This calls for the lesson on self-education (Weiner, 2003). This education is supposed to be based on issues such as beliefs, values, history, as well as the experiences. As such, the clients are in a position to connect with the clinicians in an effective manner. A therapist can also opt to invite discussion on issues that are marginalized. This can be done where the clinicians introduce their identities, and welcome the views of the client. Other than addressing the issue which could potentially be life experiences, other topics such as marginalization can be discussed giving the client space to state their own experiences (Woods, 2003). The clinician should then be in a position to identify the issues which bring anxiety to the client. The enhancement of the psychoeducation is also important in identifying issues that cause anxiety to the individual. Where one is dealing with patients who have been marginalized in the past, it is important to offer psychoeducation. The clinician should also adapt cognitive restructuring, and modify the exposure situations. Exposure is a common method in CBT treatment, and should be applied in dealing with patients who have been marginalized. Critical Evaluation of the Counseling Session The counseling relationship The cognitive behavior therapy has faced criticism often times as a result of its failure to recognize the role played by the therapeutic relationship. It is, however, important to note that this form of therapy puts into consideration various dimensions in overcoming therapy impasses. The clinician, together with the client can, therefore, establish a model which will enable them understand the significance of various concepts (Whitfield, Davidson, 2007). These include validation, victim resistance, self-handicapping, sunk-cost commitment, conceptualization factors, as well as the schematic mismatch. These factors are significant in enhancing the relationship between the patient and the therapist. Identifying these factors is important because it helps establish the raptures which may be present and that may affect the relationship between the two parties (Prochask Norcros, 2014). This, in turn, helps in resolving these issues, and hence getting rid of the barriers. The therapeuti c relationship helps to provide the opportunities which are used in the modification of the cognitive, as well as the emotional problems. This is in line with CBT, where there is the risk of the presence of foreshadowing by the techniques as well as the protocols which are applied. As such, it is important to ensure the relationship between the two parties is maintained, so as not to give credibility claims that CBT does not consider the importance of this relationship. Role of the counselor The success of the counseling sessions highly depends on how well the therapist plays his roles. As such, it is important for the counselor to establish what is required of him before engaging in the counseling process (Stricker, Widiger, Weiner, 2003). The counselor must understand some of the duties that they have prior to getting into a therapy session with the client. It is important for the therapist to possess some traits. The counselor must be likable, and should be in a position to exhibit interpersonal skills. They must also be flexible and able to meet all the needs of every individual by providing person-specific attention (Ronen, Freeman, 2007). Additionally, a counselor must be in a position to offer multiple sessions where the need arises. The counselor must also exhibit a caring attitude, and have something concrete and applied to offer to the clients. It is also the role of the counselor to offer facilitation to the client of solving the issues in question. They mus t also show genuine concern, as well as compassion for the dilemmas faced by clients. The counselor must also individualize the interaction with the client depending on the personality type of the client. It is also the duty of the counselor to encourage the client to draw their conclusion on the direction they choose in resolving the problems. As such, the counselor should challenge the client to formulate a behavioral goal and address the ultimate objective (Prout, Brown, 2007). In CBT, the client must identify the causes of the behaviors or symptoms that they are experiencing. This must be in relation to the occurrences that happened in the recent past. As such, the counselor should ensure that such happenings are identified and dealt with accordingly. This, will in turn, help the client to identify the most suitable way to handle the issues they are dealing with. References Arkowitz, H., Messer, S. B. (2004). Psychoanalytic therapy and behavior therapy: Is integration possible?. New York: Plenum Press. Coetzer, R. (2006). Traumatic brain injury rehabilitation: A psychotherapeutic approach to loss and grief. New York: Nova Science Publishers, Inc. Creek, J., Lougher, L. (2008). Occupational therapy and mental health. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone Elsevier. Dobson, K. S. (2010). Handbook of cognitive-behavioral therapies. New York: Guilford Press. Burton, N. L. (2010). Psychiatry. Chichester, West Sussex, UK: Wiley-Blackwell. Chapman, R. A. (2006). The clinical use of hypnosis in cognitive behavior therapy: A practitioner's casebook. New York, NY: Springer Pub. Fransella, F. (2005). The Essential Practitioners Handbook of Personal Construct Psychology. Chichester: John Wiley Sons. Fromme, D. K. (2011). Systems of psychotherapy: Dialectical tensions and integration. New York: Springe Hooley, J. M., Neale, J. M., Davison, G. C. (2009). Readings in abnormal psychology. New York: Wiley. Meichenbaum, D. (2007). Cognitive-Behavior Modification: An Integrative Approach. Boston, MA: Springer US Norcross, J. C., Goldfried, M. R. (2005). Handbook of psychotherapy integration. New York: Oxford University Press. Jones-Smith, E. (2012). Theories of counseling and psychotherapy: An integrative approach. London: SAGE Publications Lemma, A. (2016). Introduction to the practice of psychoanalytic psychotherapy. Ogden, J. (2011). The Psychology of Eating: From Healthy to Disordered Behavior. Hoboken: Wiley. O'Donohue, W. T., Fisher, J. E. (2009). General Principles and Empirically Supported Techniques of Cognitive Behavior Therapy. New York, NY: John Wiley Sons. Macdonald, A. J. (2007). Solution-focused therapy: Theory, research practice. Los Angeles: SAGE. Meichenbaum, D. (2007). Cognitive-Behavior Modification: An Integrative Approach. Boston, MA: Springer US Norcross, J. C. (2006). Handbook of eclectic psychotherapy. New York: Brunner/Mazel Perris, C., Blackburn, I. M., Perris, H. (2008). Cognitive Psychotherapy: Theory and Practice. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Psychodynamic treatment of anorexia nervosa and bulimia. (2000). New York: Guilford Press Prochaska, J. O., Norcross, J. C. (2014). Systems of psychotherapy: A transtheoretical analysis. Prout, H. T., Brown, D. T. (2007). Counseling and Psychotherapy with Children and Adolescents: Theory and Practice for School and Clinical Settings. Hoboken: John Wiley Sons. Ronen, T., Freeman, A. (2007). Cognitive behavior therapy in clinical social work practice. New York: Springer Pub. Co. Stricker, G., Widiger, T. A., Weiner, I. B. (2003). Handbook of Psychology, Volume 8, Clinical Psychology: Volume 8, Clinical Psychology. New York: John Wiley Sons. Smith, V. (2012). Key concepts in counseling and psychotherapy: A critical A-Z guide to theory. Maidenhead: Open University Press. Sadock, B. J., Sadock, V. A., Sadock, B. J. (2008). Kaplan Sadock's concise textbook of clinical psychiatry. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Tan, S.-Y. (2011). Counseling and psychotherapy: A Christian perspective. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic Seiler, L. (2008). Cool connections with cognitive behavioural therapy: Encouraging self- esteem, resilience and well-being in children and young people using CBT approaches. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers. Whitfield, G., Davidson, A. J. W. (2007). Cognitive behavioural therapy explained. Oxon: Radcliffe. Woods, J. (2003). Boys who have abused: Psychoanalytic psychotherapy with victim- perpetrators of sexual abuse. London: J. Kingsley Watts, R. E. (2003). Adlerian, cognitive, and constructivist therapies: An integrative dialogue. New York: Springer Pub Weiner, I. B. (2003). Handbook of psychology: 8. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

Principles of Organisation Behaviour Concept

Question: Explain the principles of Organisation Behaviour. Answer: Introduction Employee satisfaction is a concept that determines the degree of satisfaction that employees get in an organization and this shows the level of engagement and interest. The contended employees work well and there are fulfilling needs that help to fulfil the desires of an employee towards its organization (Eslami Gharakhani, 2012). The responsibility is highly considered by satisfied employees and they work for growth and development of an organization through which an organizations commitment is observed with the increase in job performance. Organizations can immensely garner and perform well when the employees are committed towards their work and this is a pride for organization and its members when employee retention rate is lower and the goals with its moral values are respected with an increase in the productivity. Management is involved for employee engagement plans and employee involvement for the development of Walmart which is considered in this study. Job satisfaction and organizational commitment are interlinked as such job satisfaction is the base to fulfill the organizational objectives and organizational commitments. When employees are satisfied because of the job security and human resource perspective policies in an organization, the level of acceptance and employee retention is considered. The manager determines the key success factors that help to increase the level of job satisfaction which in turn helps for organization commitment and strategic management plans. The competitive environment has increased the globalization and its perspectives that are beneficial consequences and is an increased effectiveness. It is observed as such in an organization from a survey that employees who are satisfied perform their responsibilities and duties in their job and are subsequently performing well as per organizational commitment. Body The retail industry has been well established with the supply and distribution channel that has a diverse effect for the retail companies all over the world. The open market and the innovation in the business have made strong efforts to move according to the business operations effectively and with utmost reliable information. Job satisfaction in the retail industry has made improvements towards the employment opportunity all over the world. At this end, the increase in the employment opportunity may determine the job satisfaction and organizational commitment concepts. Walmart is actually the largest retail sector that has several stores as their chain all over the world with the multinational brands and discounts that are provided by the company. The study indicates the job satisfaction and the organizational commitment by making an importance in the retail industry. Employee turnover has been a main issue that is concerned in each organization and in almost in each industry. In developed countries, there is a valid ground that has an impact over the employee turnover ratio. It is observed that employee retention is possible when employees have responsibilities that are fulfilled as in organizational commitment and individual responsibilities towards an organization (elik, 2008). If this is fulfilled by an employee, the growth and development of an organization have a positive impact. Considering the case study of Wallmart,which is one of the largest retail industry in the world, it has rules, regulations and authority towards employees and this has maintained employee retention and turnover ratio in past years. Determining the level of employee satisfaction and organizational commitment, there are findings that reveal the re al position of the company (Lambert, 2004). As far as job satisfaction and organizational commitment is emphasized in the essay, the essay reveals about Walmarts employees who are actually satisfied with their job and the others who are not committed towards an organization are unsatisfied with the reason of quitting the job opportunity and the job security they get from the company (Swailes, 2002). There are employees that are more than satisfied with the work culture and the responsibilities. The workplace conditions are mainly described in accordance with the other profiles and the pay structure. There are different pay structures which include according to the merit or may be according to the experience. Employment evaluation has made job opportunities and the job satisfaction at a higher level of interest for employees (Chen Silverthorne, 2008). Performance evaluation has taken place moderately in the company which means there are training and development program with benefits and the perk systems that are accepted in an organization. As an HR manager of the company, it is examined that Walmart has policy systems in the company still increasing the measures taken for employee turnover may be a benefit for the company. There are around 2 million people all over the globe who are employed at Walmart in one or the other store. The retail industry has developed globally and this in turn has made the biggest employment opportunity in the retail sector (Greenberg, 2005). As the retail company has large turnover, it has a competitive advantage that performs better when the human resources department have some rules and regulations towards the bottom line and the optimal use of resources in the company. A company makes all its efforts for its objectives and even for the employee satisfaction because it is the time when employees are paid according to the job profile and their skills. Employee satisfaction factor is achieved when the contemporary business environment is in practice while fulfilling the demands of employees with monetary efforts or non monetary efforts. There is a perceived relation and a connection between job satisfaction, organizational commitment and job performance concepts. At this end, researchers and authors have made an emphasizes about employee satisfaction and organizational commitment. As per a research, an organization makes an optimal use of human resources and if the employees are satisfied they work for the organizations goals (Schwepker, 2001). This states that employee satisfaction is a very critical factor that is important to consider in an organization. Employee satisfaction is actually a pivotal role that is influenced in order to achieve the goal, motivation and as such positive impact of employees morale standards. These are the main concepts that are expected of an organization, but in turn an organization considers the following requirements such as employee empowerment, job evaluation, promotions, perks, benefits and improved compensation plan. These are the positive change management that a company does for employee satisfaction (Karrasch, 2003). There is a correlation that stands within job satisfaction, organizational commitment and job performance. This is the case when Walmart adopts employee satisfaction strategy by providing its employee performance evaluation system with an increase in compensation rate as far as benefit plans matter. This shows the relation between the employee satisfaction and the job performance factors. There are no such organizations who may achieve organizational goals and achievements, if there are no right set of employees. Because of the reason, employees play a vital role in the organizations success and the contemporary business is as such a matter of importance in the competitive world (Daneshfard Ekvaniyan, 2012). On the other hand, if job satisfaction is achieved by employees, there is an impact towards the organizational commitment which means employees are working hard for achieving the organization's goals and their staff turnover is less due to employee satisfaction. When the employee turnover is controlled, absenteeism is not observed and this may be a positive impact for the growth and development of the company (Lok Crawford, 2004). So there is a correlation towards each concept and is linked to the employee satisfaction and organizational commitment concepts. There is a positive correlation that states the performance and job satisfaction point of view. For optimal use of employees, the best ever strategies are applied and implemented in an organization and this will gain the needs and requirements for growth and development of the company. There are crucial efforts made by an organization, which are undertaken in a large survey with extensive use of resource and has mainly aimed at the top level talent in the company. Employees of the company are asset of an organization who have responsibility towards an organization to fulfill the goals. There are social factors, economical factors, cultural factors, political factors, technological, environmental and legal factors that are responsible for the extent employees are satisfied in Walmart. These are critical factors that influence the employee satisfaction rate. Walmart being a well known retail company emphasize these changes (Ayeni Phopoola, 2007). Political factors may have an impact towards the degree of satisfaction that is observed in a research. With the political factors the employees feel they are being discriminated whether with race or class. Due to globalization, there are many such factors that have changed the level of commitment of employees. Economic factors may even impact and the degree of employee satisfaction. The economic factors include the work conditions in an organization, the employment opportunity and the rate of employment that the company provides. At this end, Walmart has higher rate of employment opportunities and this has made an impact towards the employees. Employees are satisfied with the working conditions and the working hours (Nagar, 2012). Technological factor has made an impact over the employee satisfaction. Information technology accepted in an organization proves that organization is well developed and is going according to the change (Alotaibi, 2001). Employees get satisfied with the level of technology used in the company, thereby they are committed towards their work. Globalization has made changes in the current organization to prove the effectiveness of competitive advantage that is dealt in Walmart. Employee satisfaction is achieved as far as globalization factor matters because employment opportunities are high at Walmart and there are 2 million employees all over the world who are working for Walmart because of the employment opportunities with job satisfaction rate. There are economic and non economic factors that influence the job satisfaction and organizational commitment in Walmart. As such the cost advantage that is adopted by the company may prove as a benefit for employees and increase the pay structure. Compensation and the benefits that are provided by the company are again entirely accepted by the employee which results in job satisfaction rate and organizational commitment. The human resources practices and policies adopted in the company matter a lot while the human resource department is managed significantly. This shows that employee involvement and employee engagement is accepted by the employees voluntarily. The net income of the company is approximately 3.7 billion dollars as per the research in 2013 (Bergmann, Lester, De Meuse Grahn, 2000). This made the demand in an employment opportunity with a higher rate of interest by the candidates and the notorious reputation of the company influence the general public to apply for the position. The job satisfaction rate is therefore high and the organizational commitment is therefore achieved as far as this is one of the reasons among many. Employment treatment and higher salaries are one of the reasons for job satisfaction rate and organizational commitment as well. The structure of the company is managed in such a way that employees get satisfied as far as human resources practices are adopted. Employee morale is considered in the company and responsibility and authority are measured at this end. The rules, supervisions and the policies are well framed in the company so that employees get a fair compensation and equal pay at each level and phase. This becomes a positive impact for the employees to give their best as far as promotion matters with change management system adopted by the company. There are some disappointments that can be ignored as far as absenteeism in the company matters. Conclusion The study conducts the findings that explore the perspirations and the perceptions of employees towards the company. There are certain measures that may help to fulfill the research with inherent interest. The fact that Walmart was selected here for the concepts of job satisfaction is due to an employment opportunity and employment relations it has towards its employees because the organization is well known, this may impact positively. The role of a manager in a service organization is to build the teamwork among the employees while even emphasizing the need of employees. What is perceived at the next stage is job satisfaction of employees, which may enhance and increase the level of perceived objectives that are pre decided in the strategic planning process. Organizational commitment is observed and growth opportunities may flourish with the help of employee engagement and employee involvement. Employee retention rate is being standardized and this is keenly observed in Walmart. To work and support employees in a service organization describe about the level of leadership attitudes adopted in an organization which again helps to achieve the job satisfaction and organizational commitment concepts. A contemporary manager builds and sustains the organizational commitment, attitude and motivates employees to achieve organizational and personal objectives. There are specific factors that influence the employees level of job satisfaction in a Walmart retail company. This even means that organizational commitment is achieved with those specific factors. Walmart being one of the well known retail company operates with thousands of department stores over the world. This shows how the organization would have been working for years by achieving growth and development in each of the countries. The human resource management practices make an influence towards the employee satisfaction and organizational commitment concepts. There are attitudes that are carried out by the company to satisfy employees. The human resource management practices adopted by Walmart has emphasized the employee satisfaction rate. There is an intense relationship between the job satisfaction and the organizational commitment that has an influence over the company objectives. As such managers contribute and help to complete the purpose of an organization and indicates this as a normative commitment which is significantly a very important factor to perceive. There are factors that affect the growth and development of an organization, but these are to be maintained efficiently and this is observed as per the research conducted for many service companies in the world. Employees are getting rewards and incentives as per their performance and involvement in company objectives. References Alotaibi, A. G. (2001). Antecedents of Organizational Citizenship Behavior: A Study of Public Personnel in Kuwait. Public Personnel Management, 30 (3), pp. 363-376. Awang, Z., Ahmad, J. H. Zin, N. M. (2010). Modelling Job Satisfaction and Work Commitment among Lecturers: A Case of UiTM Kelantan. Journal of Statistical Modeling and Analytics, 1 (2), pp. 45-59. Ayeni, C. O. Phopoola, S. O. (2007). Work Motivation, Job Satisfaction, and Organizational Commitment of Library Personnel in Academic and Research Libraries in Oyo State, Nigeria, Library Philosophy and Practice. elik, C. (2008). Relationship of Organizational Commitment and Job Satisfaction: A Field Study of Tax Office Employees. International Conference on Management and Economics (ICME-2008), pp. 138-155 Chen J. C. Silverthorne, C. (2008). The Impact of Locus of Control on Job Stress, Job Performance and Job Satisfaction in Taiwan. Leadership and Organization Development Journal, 29 (7), pp. 572-582. Daneshfard, C. Ekvaniyan, K. E. (2012). Organizational Commitment and Job Satisfaction in Islamic Azad University, Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business, 3 (9), pp. 168-181. Eslami, J. Gharakhani, D. (2012). Organizational Commitment and Job Satisfaction. ARPN Journal of Science and Technology, 2 (2), pp. 85-91. Greenberg, J. (2005). Managing Behavior in Organizations. 4th ed., Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ. Karrasch, A. I. (2003). Antecedents and Consequences of Organizational Commitment. Military Psychology, 15 (3), pp. 225-236. Lambert, E. G. (2004). The Impact of Job Characteristics on Correctional Staff Members. The Prison Journal, 84 (2), pp. 208227. Nagar, K. (2012). Organizational Commitment and Job Satisfaction among Teachers during Times of Burnout. Vikalpa, 37 (2), pp. 43-60. Lok, P. J. Crawford, (2004). The effect of organizational culture and leadership style on job satisfaction and organizational commitment: A cross-national comparison, Journal of Management Development, vol. 23, no.4, pp. 321-338, 2004 Swailes, S., (2002). Organizational commitment: A critique of the construct and measures, International Journal of Management Reviews, vol. 4, no.2, pp. 155-178, 2002. Schwepker, C. H. (2001). Ethical Climates Relationship to Job Satisfaction, Organizational Commitment, and Turnover Intention in the Sales Force. Journal of Business Research, 54 (1), pp. 39-52. Bergmann, T., Lester, S., K.P. De Meuse, Grahn, J., (2000). Integrating the three domains of employee commitment: an exploratory study, Journal of Applied Business Research, vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 15-26, 2000.