Motherhood, the Needle and Thread - 1405 Words

Think of one person you can turn to for advice, expect love and warmth from, or tell you who you should be dating. In most cases one’s mother or a mother figure would spring into their minds. Motherhood is and underlying theme that affects all characters in both Persepolis and A Thousand Splendid Suns. Essentially, it highlights the unfair treatment directed towards women in their countries. During the course of both novels all women, even those who were not mothers, are burdened with the strict morals imposed upon them. For instance, Marjane had issues with staying true to herself and Laila had difficulties with raising her daughter Aziza and son Zalmai. These religious and governmental restrictions enforced upon women by men facilitated in painting a clear portrayal of sacrifice, strength and love that women and mothers needed to attain in order to survive. Despite the prevalence of a masculine dominant society, the true importance of motherhood and femininity prevails; bind ing the novels Persepolis and A Thousand Splendid Suns. Relative to both novels, motherhood can be assigned an all-encompassing definition. Motherhood is the feeling of warmth, cultural memory, and freedom; it is willing to sacrifice anything for the betterment of the child. One does not have to physically bare an offspring to be considered a mother. To embrace the characteristics of motherhood means presenting ultimate love and affection and using complete agency when raising the child. MaternityShow MoreRelatedThe Origins Of The Tattoo2467 Words   |  10 Pages I am planning on getting a new tattoo in the next six months and have been carefully thinking about what type of symbolism I want this specific tattoo to have. I am looking for something that represents motherhood, love, feminism and the pure joy I have for being the mother of three amazing children. In this paper, I will be exploring the origins of the tattoo, a style of tattoo I am interested in, the colors and symbols of what I want to get and their meanings. There appears to be no specificRead MoreThe Ballad of the Sad Cafe46714 Words   |  187 PagesMiss Amelia received sick people, for she enjoyed doctoring and did a great deal of it. Two whole shelves were crowded with bottles and various paraphernalia. Against the wall was a bench where the patients sat. She could sew up a wound with a burnt needle so that it would not turn green. For burns she had a cool, sweet syrup. For unlocated sickness there were any number of different medicines which she had brewed herself from unknown recipes. They wrenched loose the bowels very well, but they couldRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pagesmanagers. This finding challenges the historical assumption that promotions are based on performance, and it illustrates the importance of networking and political skills in getting ahead in organizations. A Review of the Manager’s Job One common thread runs through the functions, roles, skills, activities, and approaches to management: Each recognizes the paramount importance of managing people, whether it is called â€Å"the leading function,† â€Å"interpersonal roles,† â€Å"human skills,† or â€Å"human resource

Minority Research Paper - 2766 Words

PRINCIPLES OF MARKETING - MKTG_310_C_12-53 February 7th, 2013 Minority Research Paper # 1 HISPANIC AMERICAN Question: Total numbers in the U.S. Answer: 52.0 million is the estimated Hispanic population of the United States as of July 1, 2011 Question: Percent of the total U. S. population Answer: 63% of Hispanic-origin people in the United States who were of Mexican background in 2010. Question: Rate of growth Answer: More than 1 of every two people added to the nations population between July 1, 2008, and July 1, 2009, was Hispanic. There were 1.4 million Hispanics added to the population during the period. Question: Average household size Answer: 10.7 million of Hispanic family households in the United States in†¦show more content†¦In 2002, the latest year for which statistics are available, there were 170,241 African Americans enrolled in degree-granting graduate schools. This was an all-time high. Blacks were 8.4 percent of the total enrollments in U.S. graduate schools Question: Average or median income levels Answer: Black Median Household income: $33,460 Question: Geographic location(s) – metro, states, etc. - Answer: According to the 2010 Census, of all respondents who reported Black alone-or-in-combination, 55 percent lived in the South, 18 percent in the Midwest, 17 percent in the Northeast, and 10 percent in the West. This pattern was similar for the Black alone population. Compared to 2000, the proportions of the Black alone-or-in-combination population for the West stayed about the same, while the proportions increased The Northeast census region includes Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont. The Midwest census region includes Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin. The South census region includes Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, the District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia. The West censusShow MoreRelatedMinority Research Paper1715 Words   |  7 Pageseach group and shouldn’t be afraid to tap into each market. Below is information on the three largest minority groups in the United States and what each one prefers. African Americans †¢ The total numbers in the US is 42 million (â€Å"United States Census Bureau†). †¢ African Americans make up 13.6% of the total US population (â€Å"United States Census Bureau†). †¢ The rate of growth for this minority group from 2000 to 2010 was 15.4% (â€Å"United States Census Bureau†). †¢ The average household size is 2Read MoreChallenges Faced By Ethnic Minority Supervisors1216 Words   |  5 PagesChallenges Faced By Ethnic Minority Supervisors in Clinical Supervision Personal Preparation My specialization paper will focus on the challenges faced by ethnic minority supervisors in clinical supervision. My paper is guided by the courses I took in the doctoral program, my personal experience as a supervisor and the gaps in literature review that motivated me to pursue this area of research. In the past two and a half years of my doctoral program, I took courses (advanced clinical supervisionRead MoreWorking As A Juvenile Supervision Officer For The Fort Bend County Juvenile Probation Department1350 Words   |  6 Pages Working as a Juvenile Supervision Officer for the Fort Bend County Juvenile Probation Department, I come in contact with a lot of juvenile offenders. What I have notice during my tenure is that the majority of the juveniles I see are minorities, African- American, Hispanic and Asian young men and women. According to The Sentencing Project, â€Å"In 2010, African Americans comprised 17 percent of all juveniles, but 31 percent of all arrests.† Do juveniles of color commit crimes and come in contact withRead MoreLegal Writing1315 Words   |  6 Pagesof giving preference to racial minorities or women when hiring employees, giving awards, or deciding whom to admit (So you Wanna, 2003). Affirmative action arose out of a desire to bring minority groups into institutions and professions that had traditionally been dominated by white males. It first appeared after the Civil Rights movement of the 1960s as an attempt to accompany the new legal equality gained for minorities with soci al and economic equality. This paper I will discuss the history, advantagesRead MoreThe Reason Why Minorities Are Often Suspected First Of Doing Violent Crime1525 Words   |  7 Pages The following paper will try to discover the reason why minorities are often suspected first of doing violent crime, instead of their counterparts. A general reason why trying to understand this phenomenon is important is for the consequences it brings. When an individual, in this case minorities, are suspected of doing violent crime, they are more often targeted more than usual. This leads to mostly minorities being in prison, and in most states, they are not allowed to vote. This is crucial forRead MoreStructure Of The Paper : The Article Is Presented Using The Journal Style Scientific Paper Format989 Words   |  4 PagesIV. Structure of the Paper: The article is presented using the ‘Journal-Style Scientific Paper’ format. The authors introduce the topic of ‘ethnic segregation in post-Soviet cities’ within the context of Soviet immigration policies. The purpose of the study â€Å"explores how inherited segregation patterns have evolved in the city of Tartu, Estonia† (Leetmaa ,162) in the post-Soviet period marked by Estonian statehood and a free-market economy. The historical material is divided into four sections: 1)Read MoreWhat Is Conducting Marketing Research1319 Words   |  6 PagesConducting Marketing Research Name Institution Date Introduction The marketing research is important in establishing the characteristics of the target market (Wong Law, 2002). This will enable the organization to strategize on how to reach more markets and increase sales. This paper will consider the exploratory research which may be conducted to establish the factors hindering the American minority groups from investing. Major Research Question What hinders many American minority groups from investingRead MoreConfucian Beliefs And Its Impact On Society939 Words   |  4 Pagesa personal characteristic valued on the market, unrelated to productivity. Throughout this paper, a theoretical and empirical approach will be taken to showcase whether or not over time education investments by race converge or diverge the current wage gap. If it in fact diverges, the topic of discrimination will be discussed to explain what is not being captured in the data. The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. Section II provides the background and literature review. Section III†¦SectionRead MorePublic Opinion of Police by Different Ethnic Groups Essay1136 Words   |  5 Pages It has been known that African Americans and Hispanics have lower levels of trust and confidence in police because of racial disparities and racial profiling. This paper will discuss the public opinion of police by different ethnic groups and how racial minorities hold lower levels of trust and confidence in police. The paper will further discuss the November 5, 1992 Detroit Police beating of Malice Green and how members of the community perceived police response after the beating. ExpressRead MoreRacism And How Laws Created Over Centuries1158 Words   |  5 PagesThis paper investigates many different articles and reports on the origins of racism and how laws created over centuries have still failed to completely annihilate the practice of bigotry against minorities. Through the examination of different stories, articles, and research, this paper suggests and supports the idea of racism being implemented secretly through the institution system, and the relationship between the reality of a minority with a job compared to someone else with the same job. This

Minority Research Paper - 2766 Words

PRINCIPLES OF MARKETING - MKTG_310_C_12-53 February 7th, 2013 Minority Research Paper # 1 HISPANIC AMERICAN Question: Total numbers in the U.S. Answer: 52.0 million is the estimated Hispanic population of the United States as of July 1, 2011 Question: Percent of the total U. S. population Answer: 63% of Hispanic-origin people in the United States who were of Mexican background in 2010. Question: Rate of growth Answer: More than 1 of every two people added to the nations population between July 1, 2008, and July 1, 2009, was Hispanic. There were 1.4 million Hispanics added to the population during the period. Question: Average household size Answer: 10.7 million of Hispanic family households in the United States in†¦show more content†¦In 2002, the latest year for which statistics are available, there were 170,241 African Americans enrolled in degree-granting graduate schools. This was an all-time high. Blacks were 8.4 percent of the total enrollments in U.S. graduate schools Question: Average or median income levels Answer: Black Median Household income: $33,460 Question: Geographic location(s) – metro, states, etc. - Answer: According to the 2010 Census, of all respondents who reported Black alone-or-in-combination, 55 percent lived in the South, 18 percent in the Midwest, 17 percent in the Northeast, and 10 percent in the West. This pattern was similar for the Black alone population. Compared to 2000, the proportions of the Black alone-or-in-combination population for the West stayed about the same, while the proportions increased The Northeast census region includes Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont. The Midwest census region includes Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin. The South census region includes Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, the District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia. The West censusShow MoreRelatedMinority Research Paper1715 Words   |  7 Pageseach group and shouldn’t be afraid to tap into each market. Below is information on the three largest minority groups in the United States and what each one prefers. African Americans †¢ The total numbers in the US is 42 million (â€Å"United States Census Bureau†). †¢ African Americans make up 13.6% of the total US population (â€Å"United States Census Bureau†). †¢ The rate of growth for this minority group from 2000 to 2010 was 15.4% (â€Å"United States Census Bureau†). †¢ The average household size is 2Read MoreChallenges Faced By Ethnic Minority Supervisors1216 Words   |  5 PagesChallenges Faced By Ethnic Minority Supervisors in Clinical Supervision Personal Preparation My specialization paper will focus on the challenges faced by ethnic minority supervisors in clinical supervision. My paper is guided by the courses I took in the doctoral program, my personal experience as a supervisor and the gaps in literature review that motivated me to pursue this area of research. In the past two and a half years of my doctoral program, I took courses (advanced clinical supervisionRead MoreWorking As A Juvenile Supervision Officer For The Fort Bend County Juvenile Probation Department1350 Words   |  6 Pages Working as a Juvenile Supervision Officer for the Fort Bend County Juvenile Probation Department, I come in contact with a lot of juvenile offenders. What I have notice during my tenure is that the majority of the juveniles I see are minorities, African- American, Hispanic and Asian young men and women. According to The Sentencing Project, â€Å"In 2010, African Americans comprised 17 percent of all juveniles, but 31 percent of all arrests.† Do juveniles of color commit crimes and come in contact withRead MoreLegal Writing1315 Words   |  6 Pagesof giving preference to racial minorities or women when hiring employees, giving awards, or deciding whom to admit (So you Wanna, 2003). Affirmative action arose out of a desire to bring minority groups into institutions and professions that had traditionally been dominated by white males. It first appeared after the Civil Rights movement of the 1960s as an attempt to accompany the new legal equality gained for minorities with soci al and economic equality. This paper I will discuss the history, advantagesRead MoreThe Reason Why Minorities Are Often Suspected First Of Doing Violent Crime1525 Words   |  7 Pages The following paper will try to discover the reason why minorities are often suspected first of doing violent crime, instead of their counterparts. A general reason why trying to understand this phenomenon is important is for the consequences it brings. When an individual, in this case minorities, are suspected of doing violent crime, they are more often targeted more than usual. This leads to mostly minorities being in prison, and in most states, they are not allowed to vote. This is crucial forRead MoreStructure Of The Paper : The Article Is Presented Using The Journal Style Scientific Paper Format989 Words   |  4 PagesIV. Structure of the Paper: The article is presented using the ‘Journal-Style Scientific Paper’ format. The authors introduce the topic of ‘ethnic segregation in post-Soviet cities’ within the context of Soviet immigration policies. The purpose of the study â€Å"explores how inherited segregation patterns have evolved in the city of Tartu, Estonia† (Leetmaa ,162) in the post-Soviet period marked by Estonian statehood and a free-market economy. The historical material is divided into four sections: 1)Read MoreWhat Is Conducting Marketing Research1319 Words   |  6 PagesConducting Marketing Research Name Institution Date Introduction The marketing research is important in establishing the characteristics of the target market (Wong Law, 2002). This will enable the organization to strategize on how to reach more markets and increase sales. This paper will consider the exploratory research which may be conducted to establish the factors hindering the American minority groups from investing. Major Research Question What hinders many American minority groups from investingRead MoreConfucian Beliefs And Its Impact On Society939 Words   |  4 Pagesa personal characteristic valued on the market, unrelated to productivity. Throughout this paper, a theoretical and empirical approach will be taken to showcase whether or not over time education investments by race converge or diverge the current wage gap. If it in fact diverges, the topic of discrimination will be discussed to explain what is not being captured in the data. The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. Section II provides the background and literature review. Section III†¦SectionRead MorePublic Opinion of Police by Different Ethnic Groups Essay1136 Words   |  5 Pages It has been known that African Americans and Hispanics have lower levels of trust and confidence in police because of racial disparities and racial profiling. This paper will discuss the public opinion of police by different ethnic groups and how racial minorities hold lower levels of trust and confidence in police. The paper will further discuss the November 5, 1992 Detroit Police beating of Malice Green and how members of the community perceived police response after the beating. ExpressRead MoreRacism And How Laws Created Over Centuries1158 Words   |  5 PagesThis paper investigates many different articles and reports on the origins of racism and how laws created over centuries have still failed to completely annihilate the practice of bigotry against minorities. Through the examination of different stories, articles, and research, this paper suggests and supports the idea of racism being implemented secretly through the institution system, and the relationship between the reality of a minority with a job compared to someone else with the same job. This

Psychoanalytic Therapy and Behavior Therapy

Question: Discuss about the Psychoanalytic Therapy and Behavior Therapy. Answer: Introduction Mei Ling is seeking counseling for depression, and this is as a result of the thoughts she has been having in the recent past. She has been married for 14 years, and according to her, her husband could divorce her, as he is having an affair. She has been going through some medical examination but no physical symptoms have been seen in the past 4 months. This he has been resulted to the depression diagnosis. She has stated that she has been feeling down and depressed for most of the time. Other than this, she has a lot of difficulty motivating herself, and has had a hard time going to work. Other than this, she has been short-tempered, and has feelings of agitation and has been withdrawing to herself most of the time. Mei Ling experienced the divorce of her parents, and she was 9 years old then. After the divorce, her mother became depressed, and also withdrew from her and her siblings emotionally. According to the Psychoanalytic Therapy model, Mei Lings problem could be based on the subconscious. This is in consideration with the assumptions made in this model. The model establishes that psychological problems are rooted in the unconscious (Meichenbaum, 2007). It also indicates that the problems could be caused by unresolved issues during development. In Mei Lings case, therefore, the depression issues could be as a result of the divorce of the parents which she experienced. There are chances that she did not completely recover from the ordeal, and this could be haunting her currently. Case Conceptualization as a counselor Different ways are applied in the consideration of the situation for each individual patient with the application of the psychoanalytic therapy approach. There are, however, several assumptions which one can apply for all situations. The concepts applied in the case of Mei Ling, therefore, are based on these assumptions. The assumptions include the statement that psychological problems are rooted in the unconscious. It is also stated that the symptoms are as a result of some hidden disturbances (Hooley, Neale, Davison, 2009). Further, the causes of the psychological issues are as a result of the issu4es that one experienced while growing up which are unresolved. It could also be as a result of repressed trauma by the patient. Treatment in this case aims at bringing the conflicts which are repressed to the surface where the individuals are in a position to work through them. This, therefore, helps these people in dealing with the issues. The participant is helped to work through and understand the conflicts that cause the current situation (O'Donohue, Fisher, 2009). As such, this form of therapy ensures that the participant is on a position to work through all the issues in a deeper way. This is made possible by the fact that an individual is in a position to understand the problems they had in their past. As such, one is able to establish the connection between the past and the current problems in their lives. The concepts in this case, therefore are based on the connection between past issues and present problems. As such, the counselor has to identify the events which could be significant in the individuals life, which could have triggered the current problems. The psychoanalysts in this case, therefore, believe in the effect the events that took place in ones childhood or past events could take place in the present. The unconscious feelings, thoughts, as well as the motivations are known to play a major role in the maladaptive behaviors, as well as the mental illnesses. Techniques used This form of therapy involves one speaking freely of their experiences from childhood, and mentioning all major events (Chapman, 2006). The therapist pays close attention to all these narrations, trying hard to point out all the major events. One gives the information without interruption, and the sessions are driven by insight, where the therapist looks to foster change. The therapist applies some techniques while listening to the individual narrates their life experiences. These techniques are used to help in the identification of the cause for the concerns. One of the techniques is the free association. Under this technique, one says everything that comes to the mind without editing it. The therapist in this case is involved in ensuring that the individual states all that is in their mind freely (Macdonald, 2007). The memories, as well as the ideas come out as clearly as they appear in the mind of the individual. As such, the therapist is in a position to identify the true and rea l information of the participant. Moreover, the individual is in a position to freely express all the feelings and emotions in them. The individual is also assisted in returning to the initial emotional state by speaking out all the concerns. This, in turn, helps the individual to understand the current patterns that cause the conflict within them, and this situation is identified in a clear manner. As such, the therapist is in a position to help the individual go through the conflict. The second technique in this form of therapy is the interpretation. Psychoanalytic therapy involves the application of reading between the lines (Fransella, 2005). During the individual narration of the events and experiences, the therapist interjects the session with thoughts and interpretations of the topics in discussion. At this point the therapist may even ask about the individuals dreams. This is important in understanding the individuals subconscious mind. The third and last technique applied in this form of therapy is the therapeutic transference. Here, the therapist establishes the manner in which the transference relates to some significant people in ones life. These people may include an individual/s parents. This is helpful in identifying the manner in which such people may have impacted on the participants life. As such, one is in a position to get additional insight on the manner in which one deals with people and events and people in their lives. These techniques could be applied in the case of Mei Ling to establish the cause of the problems she is currently going through. According to the therapy, the issues which she went through as a child, could be the cause of the current problems. It has already been established that Mei Ling was only 9 when her parents went through with divorce. As such, she was not in a position to get over the issue of divorce. It is also identified that her mother had a lot of issues after the divorce, and even withdrew from her and her siblings. Being the first born, she had to provide emotional support to her siblings, and also worried about the condition of her mother. This, therefore, is the major cause of her anxiety and the issues she is currently going through. These techniques are, therefore, effective in identifying the cause of all the problems Mei Ling is facing currently. The job of the therapist in his case will be to assist her overcome those issues, seeing that they have already been identified. Multicultural considerations using the theoretical model Narrative theory provides one with the understanding of the numerous complex issues that face diverse people (Dobson, 2010). It is even established that schools find some difficulty in offering counsel to the students due to the cultural differences that are identifiable among the students. This is also the case for the counselors offering guidance and assistance to different participants. Moreover, clinical competency practices are required in the field of mental health due to the differences in the kind of services delivered to diverse ethnic groups. As such, cultural competency is important in offering therapy sessions. It is important for the therapist to consider some multicultural factors when attending to different individuals. Diversity, multiculturalism, as well as cultural competency are significant topics for the past four decades in dealing with mental health issues. For the counselor to have an inclusive approach in the counseling practice, they have to develop multicult ural competencies. This is important to ensure all the diverse backgrounds are considered. Some of the factors that a counselor needs to identify include clients culture, identity, race, gender, ethnicity, as well as other elements of diversity. These are factors that play a major role in the counseling process. Other factors that the counselor should consider during the counseling include spirituality, religion, maturity, socioeconomic class, geographic location, family history, as well as sexual orientation (Burton, 2010). The first step at ensuring cultural differences are not a hindrance to the counseling process is having knowledge of the differences between the counselor and the client. Self-reflection is, therefore, important in the process of becoming a culturally-competent counselor. One should identify the personal view on different issues, and compare them with those of the people different from them. This will be vital in ensuring one is able to identify personal feelings, prejudices, as well as stereotypical ideas that one has about the clients from different cultural backgrounds. Further, it is important for the professional counselor to understand all unique cultural differences in a continual process. As such, the counselor should embrace all the opportunities of gaining new skills from the different clients. Critical evaluation of the counseling session Describe the counseling relationship Counseling does not only involve exploring the core issues and gaining the diverse perspectives on the problems from a psychological perspective. It also involves building a rapport, as well as trust with the counselor (Creek Lougher, 2008). This is important in ensuring that the client feels comfortable enough so as to be in a position to share all the worries in a free manner. The relationship created between the counselor and the client is, therefore, one of the most important aspects in the therapy process. As such, this is the determinant between a positive and a negative counseling experience. To ensure this is done, the counselor must maintain a particular behavior pattern. As such, they must follow some requirements. A counselor should never impose their beliefs on a client, and should maintain impartial and non-judgment. In order for the counselor to ensure that the relationship with the client is effective, they need to ensure that the client to feel comfortable enough to express himself. There must be reciprocal trust, and the counselor has the duty of ensuring that the environment is confidential, and they should also offer empathy, understanding, and respect. As such, the counselor has to ensure that the one of his voice does not affect the relationship (Coetzer, 2006). They should also offer the client adequate time to collect thoughts and express their concerns and difficulties while encouraging the client to relax and talk freely. It is also established that some clients may have difficulty expressing themselves than others. To ensure the relationship is comfortable, the counselor must be aware that such clients require additional sensitivity. One may use open-ended questionnaires to encourage the client to open up. For the relationship between the counselor and the client to be effective, the counselor has to put all these factors into consideration. Role of the counselor The counselor must understand some of the duties that they have prior to getting into a therapy session with the client. The counselor must be likable, and should be in a position to exhibit interpersonal skills. They must also be flexible and able to meet all the needs of every individual by providing person-specific attention (Arkowitz Messer, 2004). Further, a counselor must be in a position to offer multiple sessions where the need arises. The counselor must also exhibit a caring attitude, and have something concrete and applied to offer to the clients. It is also the role of the counselor to offer facilitation to the client of solving the issues in question. They must also show genuine concern, as well as compassion for the dilemmas faced by clients. The counselor must also individualize the interaction with the client depending on the personality type of the client. It is also the duty of the counselor to encourage the client to draw their conclusion on the direction they choo se in resolving the problems. As such, the counselor should challenge the client to formulate a behavioral goal and address the ultimate objective.Bottom of Form Cognitive Behavior Theory The cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a form of talk therapy. The therapist works in a structured way, where one attends a limited number of sessions (Lemma, 2016). CBT assists one to become aware of all the negative and inaccurate thoughts so as to see the challenging situations. As such, one is in a position to see the situations clearly and analyze them well and respond to them in an effective way. CBT helps one to change the manner in which they think, and the way they behave. The changes help one feel better, as it focuses on the state happening at the moment (Jones-Smith, 2012). Rather than focusing on the events that took place in the past, this form of therapy focuses on the current happenings in ones life. As such, with the application of this form of therapy, the Mei Ling situation would be solved by considering the problems she is currently going through. Mei Ling was seeking counseling for depression. She described her symptoms as feeling down and depressed most of th e time. She also added that she would burst into tears and could not explain the reason. Further, going to work was difficult as she was not in a position to motivate herself. Additionally, she felt agitated, and was on the edge. She also felt short-tempered, and also lacked the strength to interact with other people. According to CBT, it is important to focus on the current issues, rather than looking at the past problems. As such, the problems that Mei Ling is experiencing are as a result of the negative thoughts she has. These thoughts include the feelings that her husband could be having an affair and their marriage could end. As such, the therapist will establish the problem to be as a result of these thoughts. Case Conceptualization as a Counselor Concepts used CBT applies the general concept while restructuring the approach to apply. In this case, the components of cognitive therapy with behavioral therapy are combined to identify a therapeutic structure to use. The practice follows six phases which include the psychological assessment which is the stage where the individuals thoughts are established. The second phase is the reconceptualization which comprises the most significant part of the process. The therapy then follow the third step which is skills acquisition where the skills to be used by the patient are identified (Norcross, Goldfried, 2005). The fourth stage is then followed where the skills are consolidated and training of the participant begins. The fifth step is the generalization and maintenance and in this case the sustenance of the skills possessed by the individual is ensured. Finally, the post-treatment evaluation and follow-up is done on the individual. The other concept used in CBT is the negative cognition where beha vioral-cognitive pathology is applied in tracing the focal point of CBT. The maladaptive behaviors are used as the major targets of the therapy. The CBT disturbances are categorized in three cognition underlying psychological disorders. First, the automatic thoughts of the individual are derived as well as from other people so as to establish the psychological disturbance. Secondly, the rules or immediate beliefs refer to the thoughts which are developed by the patient to the prospect of himself, as well as the other people who guide the person/s behaviors. Lastly, the major beliefs involve the thoughts that are developed by the patient which provide the main target of the therapy. The schemes are considered as the main components which influence ones views and beliefs systems, as well as the internal values. These are also in the determination of ones assumptions on the occurrences that happen in life (Smith, 2012). CBT therapeutic framework is further founded on dysfunctional behaviors which impact on a person/s behavior negatively contributing to the stressors. The cognitive theory also involves three schemes which include the connection of negative schemes. These include the self, the world environment, and the future. The patient views himself in a negative manner, otherwise known as cognitive schemes. First, they have a perception of themselves as helpless, deficient, or even unlovable. Secondly, they have a negative perception of the world, and end up withdrawing from everybody. Finally, they believe that the future will only bring further hardships, as well as deprivation and frustrations. Techniques used CBT follows an approach which is problem-based, where the process is oriented on actions as well as interventions. These are established on the consideration of the person/s thoughts which can destroy a persons behaviors (Psychodynamic treatment of anorexia nervosa and bulimia, 2000). The intervention is comprised of some techniques which include the cognitive element which is based on the thoughts, as well as the beliefs of the individuals thoughts. The behaviors of the patient are explored Here the various elements including escape, avoidance, as well as the maladaptive developmental coping behaviors are established. Intervention component is then identified which comprise some elements. First, the realistic thinking is applied where the therapist makes the patient differentiate between the reality, and the cognitive stressors which are generated by tension. The self-instruction training is then done on the patient where the patient is provided with skills to assist them in coping with the tensions. The problem-solving step is then initiated where the therapist together with the therapist go ahead and evaluate the patient, assessing the response behaviors which are appropriate for the patient (Sadock, Sadock, Sadock, 2008). These are then combined with the social learning theory that is in support of the fundamental domain of the technique. The cognitive mediation is then grounded on the manner in which the individual behaves, as well as his emotions and physical reactions. The treatment, therefore, begins with two major occurrences or happenings. The first occurrence is the identification of the behaviors in the patient which do not go in line with the normal functioning, as well as the unhelpful behaviors. This is necessary as it helps in the identification of common knowledge which is present between the patient and the therapist. The second happening is the critical examination of the manner in which the behaviors of the patient were derived. Where these two factors are wel l established, the treatment process is carried out effectively. Multicultural considerations using theoretical model Multiculturalism is characterized by the theoretical, as well as philosophical mannerisms that culture varies between different people. The differences could be as a result of difference in norms, values, traditions, as well as worldviews (Tan, 2011). The cognitive behavior theory, therefore, puts into consideration these differences when identifying the issues and solving the problems affecting different patients. As such, there should be no superior and inferior treatment as all there should be the assumption of equality between all the individuals from all cultures. In the psychology field, multicultural counseling is defined as the therapy process which puts into consideration the treatment techniques, as well as the goals to be achieved after the therapy. The objectives are supposed to be in line with the cultural ties, life experiences, cultural values, as well as the diverse backgrounds (Seiler, 2008). The clinicians should, therefore, be familiar with the different background s and identities present in the world. The cultural factors which are given attention in the field of therapy include education, gender, religion, disabilities, indigenous heritage, national origin, age, generation influences, as well as the sexual orientation. In regard with these considerations, multicultural counseling lays focus on the issues relating to power, marginalization, as well as privilege. The major element in multicultural counseling is the ability to connect with connect with the clients who are influenced by development of the identity, as well as the diverse world perspectives.Bottom of Form There are many methods which can be used to enhance the elements of CBT for anxiety with the to ensure cultural sensitivity (Watts, 2003). This can for instance be achieved by ensuring that the clinicians clearly understand and appreciate the different experiences that may have been acquired by different clients. This can be achieved by the application of the therapeutic stance where multicultural perspective is combined with the perspective with CBT. This calls for the lesson on self-education (Weiner, 2003). This education is supposed to be based on issues such as beliefs, values, history, as well as the experiences. As such, the clients are in a position to connect with the clinicians in an effective manner. A therapist can also opt to invite discussion on issues that are marginalized. This can be done where the clinicians introduce their identities, and welcome the views of the client. Other than addressing the issue which could potentially be life experiences, other topics such as marginalization can be discussed giving the client space to state their own experiences (Woods, 2003). The clinician should then be in a position to identify the issues which bring anxiety to the client. The enhancement of the psychoeducation is also important in identifying issues that cause anxiety to the individual. Where one is dealing with patients who have been marginalized in the past, it is important to offer psychoeducation. The clinician should also adapt cognitive restructuring, and modify the exposure situations. Exposure is a common method in CBT treatment, and should be applied in dealing with patients who have been marginalized. Critical Evaluation of the Counseling Session The counseling relationship The cognitive behavior therapy has faced criticism often times as a result of its failure to recognize the role played by the therapeutic relationship. It is, however, important to note that this form of therapy puts into consideration various dimensions in overcoming therapy impasses. The clinician, together with the client can, therefore, establish a model which will enable them understand the significance of various concepts (Whitfield, Davidson, 2007). These include validation, victim resistance, self-handicapping, sunk-cost commitment, conceptualization factors, as well as the schematic mismatch. These factors are significant in enhancing the relationship between the patient and the therapist. Identifying these factors is important because it helps establish the raptures which may be present and that may affect the relationship between the two parties (Prochask Norcros, 2014). This, in turn, helps in resolving these issues, and hence getting rid of the barriers. The therapeuti c relationship helps to provide the opportunities which are used in the modification of the cognitive, as well as the emotional problems. This is in line with CBT, where there is the risk of the presence of foreshadowing by the techniques as well as the protocols which are applied. As such, it is important to ensure the relationship between the two parties is maintained, so as not to give credibility claims that CBT does not consider the importance of this relationship. Role of the counselor The success of the counseling sessions highly depends on how well the therapist plays his roles. As such, it is important for the counselor to establish what is required of him before engaging in the counseling process (Stricker, Widiger, Weiner, 2003). The counselor must understand some of the duties that they have prior to getting into a therapy session with the client. It is important for the therapist to possess some traits. The counselor must be likable, and should be in a position to exhibit interpersonal skills. They must also be flexible and able to meet all the needs of every individual by providing person-specific attention (Ronen, Freeman, 2007). Additionally, a counselor must be in a position to offer multiple sessions where the need arises. The counselor must also exhibit a caring attitude, and have something concrete and applied to offer to the clients. It is also the role of the counselor to offer facilitation to the client of solving the issues in question. They mus t also show genuine concern, as well as compassion for the dilemmas faced by clients. The counselor must also individualize the interaction with the client depending on the personality type of the client. It is also the duty of the counselor to encourage the client to draw their conclusion on the direction they choose in resolving the problems. As such, the counselor should challenge the client to formulate a behavioral goal and address the ultimate objective (Prout, Brown, 2007). In CBT, the client must identify the causes of the behaviors or symptoms that they are experiencing. This must be in relation to the occurrences that happened in the recent past. As such, the counselor should ensure that such happenings are identified and dealt with accordingly. This, will in turn, help the client to identify the most suitable way to handle the issues they are dealing with. References Arkowitz, H., Messer, S. B. (2004). Psychoanalytic therapy and behavior therapy: Is integration possible?. New York: Plenum Press. Coetzer, R. (2006). Traumatic brain injury rehabilitation: A psychotherapeutic approach to loss and grief. New York: Nova Science Publishers, Inc. Creek, J., Lougher, L. (2008). Occupational therapy and mental health. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone Elsevier. Dobson, K. S. (2010). Handbook of cognitive-behavioral therapies. New York: Guilford Press. Burton, N. L. (2010). Psychiatry. Chichester, West Sussex, UK: Wiley-Blackwell. Chapman, R. A. (2006). The clinical use of hypnosis in cognitive behavior therapy: A practitioner's casebook. New York, NY: Springer Pub. Fransella, F. (2005). The Essential Practitioners Handbook of Personal Construct Psychology. Chichester: John Wiley Sons. Fromme, D. K. (2011). Systems of psychotherapy: Dialectical tensions and integration. New York: Springe Hooley, J. M., Neale, J. M., Davison, G. C. (2009). Readings in abnormal psychology. New York: Wiley. Meichenbaum, D. (2007). Cognitive-Behavior Modification: An Integrative Approach. Boston, MA: Springer US Norcross, J. C., Goldfried, M. R. (2005). Handbook of psychotherapy integration. New York: Oxford University Press. Jones-Smith, E. (2012). Theories of counseling and psychotherapy: An integrative approach. London: SAGE Publications Lemma, A. (2016). Introduction to the practice of psychoanalytic psychotherapy. Ogden, J. (2011). The Psychology of Eating: From Healthy to Disordered Behavior. Hoboken: Wiley. O'Donohue, W. T., Fisher, J. E. (2009). General Principles and Empirically Supported Techniques of Cognitive Behavior Therapy. New York, NY: John Wiley Sons. Macdonald, A. J. (2007). Solution-focused therapy: Theory, research practice. Los Angeles: SAGE. Meichenbaum, D. (2007). Cognitive-Behavior Modification: An Integrative Approach. Boston, MA: Springer US Norcross, J. C. (2006). Handbook of eclectic psychotherapy. New York: Brunner/Mazel Perris, C., Blackburn, I. M., Perris, H. (2008). Cognitive Psychotherapy: Theory and Practice. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Psychodynamic treatment of anorexia nervosa and bulimia. (2000). New York: Guilford Press Prochaska, J. O., Norcross, J. C. (2014). Systems of psychotherapy: A transtheoretical analysis. Prout, H. T., Brown, D. T. (2007). Counseling and Psychotherapy with Children and Adolescents: Theory and Practice for School and Clinical Settings. Hoboken: John Wiley Sons. Ronen, T., Freeman, A. (2007). Cognitive behavior therapy in clinical social work practice. New York: Springer Pub. Co. Stricker, G., Widiger, T. A., Weiner, I. B. (2003). Handbook of Psychology, Volume 8, Clinical Psychology: Volume 8, Clinical Psychology. New York: John Wiley Sons. Smith, V. (2012). Key concepts in counseling and psychotherapy: A critical A-Z guide to theory. Maidenhead: Open University Press. Sadock, B. J., Sadock, V. A., Sadock, B. J. (2008). Kaplan Sadock's concise textbook of clinical psychiatry. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Tan, S.-Y. (2011). Counseling and psychotherapy: A Christian perspective. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic Seiler, L. (2008). Cool connections with cognitive behavioural therapy: Encouraging self- esteem, resilience and well-being in children and young people using CBT approaches. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers. Whitfield, G., Davidson, A. J. W. (2007). Cognitive behavioural therapy explained. Oxon: Radcliffe. Woods, J. (2003). Boys who have abused: Psychoanalytic psychotherapy with victim- perpetrators of sexual abuse. London: J. Kingsley Watts, R. E. (2003). Adlerian, cognitive, and constructivist therapies: An integrative dialogue. New York: Springer Pub Weiner, I. B. (2003). Handbook of psychology: 8. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

Principles of Organisation Behaviour Concept

Question: Explain the principles of Organisation Behaviour. Answer: Introduction Employee satisfaction is a concept that determines the degree of satisfaction that employees get in an organization and this shows the level of engagement and interest. The contended employees work well and there are fulfilling needs that help to fulfil the desires of an employee towards its organization (Eslami Gharakhani, 2012). The responsibility is highly considered by satisfied employees and they work for growth and development of an organization through which an organizations commitment is observed with the increase in job performance. Organizations can immensely garner and perform well when the employees are committed towards their work and this is a pride for organization and its members when employee retention rate is lower and the goals with its moral values are respected with an increase in the productivity. Management is involved for employee engagement plans and employee involvement for the development of Walmart which is considered in this study. Job satisfaction and organizational commitment are interlinked as such job satisfaction is the base to fulfill the organizational objectives and organizational commitments. When employees are satisfied because of the job security and human resource perspective policies in an organization, the level of acceptance and employee retention is considered. The manager determines the key success factors that help to increase the level of job satisfaction which in turn helps for organization commitment and strategic management plans. The competitive environment has increased the globalization and its perspectives that are beneficial consequences and is an increased effectiveness. It is observed as such in an organization from a survey that employees who are satisfied perform their responsibilities and duties in their job and are subsequently performing well as per organizational commitment. Body The retail industry has been well established with the supply and distribution channel that has a diverse effect for the retail companies all over the world. The open market and the innovation in the business have made strong efforts to move according to the business operations effectively and with utmost reliable information. Job satisfaction in the retail industry has made improvements towards the employment opportunity all over the world. At this end, the increase in the employment opportunity may determine the job satisfaction and organizational commitment concepts. Walmart is actually the largest retail sector that has several stores as their chain all over the world with the multinational brands and discounts that are provided by the company. The study indicates the job satisfaction and the organizational commitment by making an importance in the retail industry. Employee turnover has been a main issue that is concerned in each organization and in almost in each industry. In developed countries, there is a valid ground that has an impact over the employee turnover ratio. It is observed that employee retention is possible when employees have responsibilities that are fulfilled as in organizational commitment and individual responsibilities towards an organization (elik, 2008). If this is fulfilled by an employee, the growth and development of an organization have a positive impact. Considering the case study of Wallmart,which is one of the largest retail industry in the world, it has rules, regulations and authority towards employees and this has maintained employee retention and turnover ratio in past years. Determining the level of employee satisfaction and organizational commitment, there are findings that reveal the re al position of the company (Lambert, 2004). As far as job satisfaction and organizational commitment is emphasized in the essay, the essay reveals about Walmarts employees who are actually satisfied with their job and the others who are not committed towards an organization are unsatisfied with the reason of quitting the job opportunity and the job security they get from the company (Swailes, 2002). There are employees that are more than satisfied with the work culture and the responsibilities. The workplace conditions are mainly described in accordance with the other profiles and the pay structure. There are different pay structures which include according to the merit or may be according to the experience. Employment evaluation has made job opportunities and the job satisfaction at a higher level of interest for employees (Chen Silverthorne, 2008). Performance evaluation has taken place moderately in the company which means there are training and development program with benefits and the perk systems that are accepted in an organization. As an HR manager of the company, it is examined that Walmart has policy systems in the company still increasing the measures taken for employee turnover may be a benefit for the company. There are around 2 million people all over the globe who are employed at Walmart in one or the other store. The retail industry has developed globally and this in turn has made the biggest employment opportunity in the retail sector (Greenberg, 2005). As the retail company has large turnover, it has a competitive advantage that performs better when the human resources department have some rules and regulations towards the bottom line and the optimal use of resources in the company. A company makes all its efforts for its objectives and even for the employee satisfaction because it is the time when employees are paid according to the job profile and their skills. Employee satisfaction factor is achieved when the contemporary business environment is in practice while fulfilling the demands of employees with monetary efforts or non monetary efforts. There is a perceived relation and a connection between job satisfaction, organizational commitment and job performance concepts. At this end, researchers and authors have made an emphasizes about employee satisfaction and organizational commitment. As per a research, an organization makes an optimal use of human resources and if the employees are satisfied they work for the organizations goals (Schwepker, 2001). This states that employee satisfaction is a very critical factor that is important to consider in an organization. Employee satisfaction is actually a pivotal role that is influenced in order to achieve the goal, motivation and as such positive impact of employees morale standards. These are the main concepts that are expected of an organization, but in turn an organization considers the following requirements such as employee empowerment, job evaluation, promotions, perks, benefits and improved compensation plan. These are the positive change management that a company does for employee satisfaction (Karrasch, 2003). There is a correlation that stands within job satisfaction, organizational commitment and job performance. This is the case when Walmart adopts employee satisfaction strategy by providing its employee performance evaluation system with an increase in compensation rate as far as benefit plans matter. This shows the relation between the employee satisfaction and the job performance factors. There are no such organizations who may achieve organizational goals and achievements, if there are no right set of employees. Because of the reason, employees play a vital role in the organizations success and the contemporary business is as such a matter of importance in the competitive world (Daneshfard Ekvaniyan, 2012). On the other hand, if job satisfaction is achieved by employees, there is an impact towards the organizational commitment which means employees are working hard for achieving the organization's goals and their staff turnover is less due to employee satisfaction. When the employee turnover is controlled, absenteeism is not observed and this may be a positive impact for the growth and development of the company (Lok Crawford, 2004). So there is a correlation towards each concept and is linked to the employee satisfaction and organizational commitment concepts. There is a positive correlation that states the performance and job satisfaction point of view. For optimal use of employees, the best ever strategies are applied and implemented in an organization and this will gain the needs and requirements for growth and development of the company. There are crucial efforts made by an organization, which are undertaken in a large survey with extensive use of resource and has mainly aimed at the top level talent in the company. Employees of the company are asset of an organization who have responsibility towards an organization to fulfill the goals. There are social factors, economical factors, cultural factors, political factors, technological, environmental and legal factors that are responsible for the extent employees are satisfied in Walmart. These are critical factors that influence the employee satisfaction rate. Walmart being a well known retail company emphasize these changes (Ayeni Phopoola, 2007). Political factors may have an impact towards the degree of satisfaction that is observed in a research. With the political factors the employees feel they are being discriminated whether with race or class. Due to globalization, there are many such factors that have changed the level of commitment of employees. Economic factors may even impact and the degree of employee satisfaction. The economic factors include the work conditions in an organization, the employment opportunity and the rate of employment that the company provides. At this end, Walmart has higher rate of employment opportunities and this has made an impact towards the employees. Employees are satisfied with the working conditions and the working hours (Nagar, 2012). Technological factor has made an impact over the employee satisfaction. Information technology accepted in an organization proves that organization is well developed and is going according to the change (Alotaibi, 2001). Employees get satisfied with the level of technology used in the company, thereby they are committed towards their work. Globalization has made changes in the current organization to prove the effectiveness of competitive advantage that is dealt in Walmart. Employee satisfaction is achieved as far as globalization factor matters because employment opportunities are high at Walmart and there are 2 million employees all over the world who are working for Walmart because of the employment opportunities with job satisfaction rate. There are economic and non economic factors that influence the job satisfaction and organizational commitment in Walmart. As such the cost advantage that is adopted by the company may prove as a benefit for employees and increase the pay structure. Compensation and the benefits that are provided by the company are again entirely accepted by the employee which results in job satisfaction rate and organizational commitment. The human resources practices and policies adopted in the company matter a lot while the human resource department is managed significantly. This shows that employee involvement and employee engagement is accepted by the employees voluntarily. The net income of the company is approximately 3.7 billion dollars as per the research in 2013 (Bergmann, Lester, De Meuse Grahn, 2000). This made the demand in an employment opportunity with a higher rate of interest by the candidates and the notorious reputation of the company influence the general public to apply for the position. The job satisfaction rate is therefore high and the organizational commitment is therefore achieved as far as this is one of the reasons among many. Employment treatment and higher salaries are one of the reasons for job satisfaction rate and organizational commitment as well. The structure of the company is managed in such a way that employees get satisfied as far as human resources practices are adopted. Employee morale is considered in the company and responsibility and authority are measured at this end. The rules, supervisions and the policies are well framed in the company so that employees get a fair compensation and equal pay at each level and phase. This becomes a positive impact for the employees to give their best as far as promotion matters with change management system adopted by the company. There are some disappointments that can be ignored as far as absenteeism in the company matters. Conclusion The study conducts the findings that explore the perspirations and the perceptions of employees towards the company. There are certain measures that may help to fulfill the research with inherent interest. The fact that Walmart was selected here for the concepts of job satisfaction is due to an employment opportunity and employment relations it has towards its employees because the organization is well known, this may impact positively. The role of a manager in a service organization is to build the teamwork among the employees while even emphasizing the need of employees. What is perceived at the next stage is job satisfaction of employees, which may enhance and increase the level of perceived objectives that are pre decided in the strategic planning process. Organizational commitment is observed and growth opportunities may flourish with the help of employee engagement and employee involvement. Employee retention rate is being standardized and this is keenly observed in Walmart. To work and support employees in a service organization describe about the level of leadership attitudes adopted in an organization which again helps to achieve the job satisfaction and organizational commitment concepts. A contemporary manager builds and sustains the organizational commitment, attitude and motivates employees to achieve organizational and personal objectives. There are specific factors that influence the employees level of job satisfaction in a Walmart retail company. This even means that organizational commitment is achieved with those specific factors. Walmart being one of the well known retail company operates with thousands of department stores over the world. This shows how the organization would have been working for years by achieving growth and development in each of the countries. The human resource management practices make an influence towards the employee satisfaction and organizational commitment concepts. There are attitudes that are carried out by the company to satisfy employees. The human resource management practices adopted by Walmart has emphasized the employee satisfaction rate. There is an intense relationship between the job satisfaction and the organizational commitment that has an influence over the company objectives. As such managers contribute and help to complete the purpose of an organization and indicates this as a normative commitment which is significantly a very important factor to perceive. There are factors that affect the growth and development of an organization, but these are to be maintained efficiently and this is observed as per the research conducted for many service companies in the world. Employees are getting rewards and incentives as per their performance and involvement in company objectives. References Alotaibi, A. G. (2001). Antecedents of Organizational Citizenship Behavior: A Study of Public Personnel in Kuwait. Public Personnel Management, 30 (3), pp. 363-376. Awang, Z., Ahmad, J. H. Zin, N. M. (2010). Modelling Job Satisfaction and Work Commitment among Lecturers: A Case of UiTM Kelantan. Journal of Statistical Modeling and Analytics, 1 (2), pp. 45-59. Ayeni, C. O. Phopoola, S. O. (2007). Work Motivation, Job Satisfaction, and Organizational Commitment of Library Personnel in Academic and Research Libraries in Oyo State, Nigeria, Library Philosophy and Practice. elik, C. (2008). Relationship of Organizational Commitment and Job Satisfaction: A Field Study of Tax Office Employees. International Conference on Management and Economics (ICME-2008), pp. 138-155 Chen J. C. Silverthorne, C. (2008). The Impact of Locus of Control on Job Stress, Job Performance and Job Satisfaction in Taiwan. Leadership and Organization Development Journal, 29 (7), pp. 572-582. Daneshfard, C. Ekvaniyan, K. E. (2012). Organizational Commitment and Job Satisfaction in Islamic Azad University, Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business, 3 (9), pp. 168-181. Eslami, J. Gharakhani, D. (2012). Organizational Commitment and Job Satisfaction. ARPN Journal of Science and Technology, 2 (2), pp. 85-91. Greenberg, J. (2005). Managing Behavior in Organizations. 4th ed., Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ. Karrasch, A. I. (2003). Antecedents and Consequences of Organizational Commitment. Military Psychology, 15 (3), pp. 225-236. Lambert, E. G. (2004). The Impact of Job Characteristics on Correctional Staff Members. The Prison Journal, 84 (2), pp. 208227. Nagar, K. (2012). Organizational Commitment and Job Satisfaction among Teachers during Times of Burnout. Vikalpa, 37 (2), pp. 43-60. Lok, P. J. Crawford, (2004). The effect of organizational culture and leadership style on job satisfaction and organizational commitment: A cross-national comparison, Journal of Management Development, vol. 23, no.4, pp. 321-338, 2004 Swailes, S., (2002). Organizational commitment: A critique of the construct and measures, International Journal of Management Reviews, vol. 4, no.2, pp. 155-178, 2002. Schwepker, C. H. (2001). Ethical Climates Relationship to Job Satisfaction, Organizational Commitment, and Turnover Intention in the Sales Force. Journal of Business Research, 54 (1), pp. 39-52. Bergmann, T., Lester, S., K.P. De Meuse, Grahn, J., (2000). Integrating the three domains of employee commitment: an exploratory study, Journal of Applied Business Research, vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 15-26, 2000.

UN High Commissioner Navi Pillay - On 2011 International Human Rights Day free essay sample

Understand Chemistry Unit Conversions

Understand Chemistry Unit Conversions Unit conversions are important in all sciences, although they may seem more critical in chemistry because many calculations use different units. Every measurement you take should reporting with the proper units. While it may take practice to master unit conversions, you only need to know how to multiply, divide, add, and subtract to do them. The math is easy as long as you know which units can be converted from one to another and how to set up conversion factors in an equation. Know the Base Units There are several common base quantities, such as mass, temperature, and volume. You can convert between different units of a base quantity, but may not be able to convert from one type of quantity to another. For example, you can convert grams to moles or kilograms, but you cant convert grams to Kelvin. Grams, moles, and kilograms are all units that describe the amount of matter, while Kelvin describes temperature. There are seven fundamental base units in the SI or metric system, plus there are other units that are considered base units in other systems. A base unit is a single unit. Here are some common ones: Mass kilogram (kg), gram (g), pound (lb) Distance or Length meter (m), centimeter (cm), inch (in), kilometer (km), mile (mi) Time second (s), minute (min), hour (hr), day, year Temperature Kelvin (K), Celsius (C), Fahrenheit (F) Quantity mole (mol) Electric Current ampere (amp) Luminous Intensity candela Understand Derived Units Derived units (sometimes called special units) combine the base units. An example of a derived unit is a unit for area, square meters (m2) or the unit of force, the newton (kg ·m/s2). Also included are volume units. For example, there are liters (l), milliliters (ml), cubic centimeter (cm3). Unit Prefixes In order to convert between units, youll want to know common unit prefixes. These are used primarily in the metric system as a sort of shorthand notation to make numbers easier to express. Here are some useful prefixes to know: Name Symbol Factor giga- G 109 mega- M 106 kilo- k 103 hecto- h 102 deca- da 101 base unit 100 deci- d 10-1 centi- c 10-2 milli- m 10-3 micro- 10-6 nano- n 10-9 pico- p 10-12 femto- f 10-15 As example of how to use the prefixes: 1000 meters 1 kilometer 1 km For very large or very small numbers, its easier to use scientific notation: 1000 103 0.00005 5 x 10-4 Performing Unit Conversions With all of this in mind, youre ready to perform unit conversions. A unit conversion can be thought of as a sort of equation. In math, you may recall if you multiply any number times 1, it is unchanged. Unit conversions work the same way, except 1 is expressed in the form of a conversion factor or ratio. Consider the unit conversion: 1 g 1000 mg This could be written as: 1g / 1000 mg 1 or 1000 mg / 1 g 1 If you multiply a value times either of these fractions, its value will be unchanged. Youll use this to cancel out units to convert them. Heres an example (notice how the grams cancel out in the numerator and denominator): 4.2x10-31g x 1000mg/1g 4.2x10-31 x 1000 mg 4.2x10-28 mg Using Your Calculator You can enter in these values in scientific notation on your calculator using the EE button: 4.2 EE -31 x 1 EE3 which will give you: 4.2 E -18 Heres another example. Convert 48.3 inches into feet. Either you know the conversion factor between inches and feet or you can look it up: 12 inches 1 foot or 12 in 1 ft Now, you set up the conversion so that the inches will cancel out, leaving you with feet in your final answer: 48.3 inches x 1 foot/12 inches 4.03 ft There is inches in both the top (numerator) and bottom (denominator) of the expression, so it cancels out. If you had tried to write: 48.3 inches x 12 inches/1 foot you would have had square inches / foot, which wouldnt have given you the desired units. Always check your conversion factor to make sure the correct term cancels out! You may need to switch the fraction around. Key Points Unit conversions only work if the units are the same type. For example, you cant convert mass into temperature or volume into energy.In chemistry, it would be nice if you only had to convert between metric units, but there are many common units in other systems. For example, you may need to convert a Fahrenheit temperature into Celsius or a pound mass into kilograms.The only math skills you need to do unit conversions are addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.

Recent changes made to the National Breakfast and Lunch Program Research Paper

Recent changes made to the National Breakfast and Lunch Program - Research Paper Example It is in the process of seeking to ensure that the meals received by children at schools meet the required health standards that the USDA has issued new dietary guidelines, which the school meals should meet. While the new requirements might seem to be too demanding or disruptive of the current school breakfast and lunch program, it is conclusive to say that the new requirements are highly beneficial not only to the school children, but also to the society at large. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) new requirement standards for the school breakfast and lunch programs provides that children should be served with more fruits, vegetables and whole-grain containing foods, while at the same time being offered low-fat or fat-free dairy products (USDA, 2012). Secondly the new requirements provide that processed meat and processed dairy products should wholesomely be eliminated from the school breakfast and lunch programs, to avoid the adverse health effects that are associated with these type of foods on children’s health (FRAC, 2014). Offering daily plant-based snacks/salads as an option for all children eligible for the NSLP, which constitute of fresh garden salad-bars, as way of ensuring the provision of fiber-based whole meal diet for children (FRAC, 2014). The other recommendation of the new NSLP requirements is that the schools should ensure to offer low-fat, fat-free or nondairy milk on a daily basis as an option for all children eligible for the NSLP, where soy milk; a plant-based nondairy milk, has been recommended as the new milk beverage that schools should offer to the children, owing to the potential health benefits that are associated with this nondairy milk (FRAC, 2014). The other requirement by the USDA revised school food programs provide that the schools should increase their annual food and nutrition classes to a minimum of 50 hours per academic year (USDA, 2012). This recommendation has been established on

MPH502 - Introduction to Public Health Module 3 - Case Essay

MPH502 - Introduction to Public Health Module 3 - Case - Essay Example The constitutional design reveals a plain objective in government to protect community health and safety. Government has great responsibilities towards public health sector; health is not only indispensible to finance but also to individuals. Public health is a collective action not only government can save the community’s health. On this point, I completely agree with the author, as if individuals work alone, they cannot save the minimum level of health. Government support is always needed for this great cause. According to the author, it is quiet difficult to separate government responsibility and individual’s effort. Public health also takes in account the individuals that stake a claim to health protection. A strong relationship exists between individual’s health and the health of community at large. I completely agree with author that public health efforts need collective actions for better results because it’s nearly impossible to improve health sector without governments help. Public health law states the advantages and burdens by government on individuals and private health sectors on legally protected interest. Government acts for health sector, it may de-motivate individuals to invest in health sector. The law address that how government act on the growth of health sector both individuals and a large population. Author point is valid up to some extent as both public and private sector has own responsibilities. Government has primary responsibility to promote both mental and physical health and prevent injury and disability. Government responsibility is to inform, educate individuals and invest heavy amount on health. Public health law focuses on governmental responsibilities to the community and individuals health. Government can do much for public health as it owns thousands of resources and power. Government is authorized

Project Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Project Management - Essay Example All these factors are not driven on product and service quality but, also on how to achieve them, so it does not entails the latter two but also quality assurance and control of the process in addition to the end product for an overall even and good quality. Contrary to the other software development, which can be termed in many different ways good examples, are software application development, software design, platform development, and many others. However, all said it is the development of a software product, they may include research in development of new designs, photo typing, reuse modification, maintenance, and re-engineering of result oriented software products. By trying to define it, we can say it is a structure driven on development of a software product. Then in trying to understand the two first, let us look at the former software development projects. There are different approaches of software development. Nevertheless, all this approaches share a common understanding a nd towards the following laid down processes: analysis of the problem, a market research on the problem, coming up with requirements for the proposed business solution. There is also generating a planned design for the solution based on the software, implementation of the software, a test drive for the software, use of the software in the market and lastly maintenance and fixing of any abnormalities in its use (Brooks 2005). Software development project are projects just like any other and to relate them to quality management one has to simplify the and try to understand them that way as to have a clear understanding of the two of them .quality management can be a big element too a smooth running of a software development project. Through quality management, a software development project is derived. for one to come up with a workable and profitable project one has to use and implement the workability’s and elements of quality management for this reasons we have to look at th e ways and elements of quality management to understand the similarities, success and failures of software development projects as it is as any other project in quality management. There are certain elements that are adhered to in quality management that are essential and vital to project control these are; organization structure, responsibilities, data management, processes including purchasing’ resources natural and human resources, customer satisfaction, continuous improvement, product quality, maintenances, sustainability and transparency. All this factor has to be incorporated in system development project for it is to be viable (Brooks 2005). For a viable system, quality system adhere to certain elements that are co related and brings out a good relationship between the two that is quality management and system development success these are personnel training and qualification; control of product design, documentation, product design and its purchasing power, product id entification, traceability at all stages of production. Process of controlling and defining the production both the systems and the product at the same time in this scenario. The production software, inspection should be defined and controlled and ensuring the test equipments is measured to standard. There is need for process validation, acceptance of products, reduction, and control of

Food Safety Modernization Act and Puerto Rico

Food Safety Modernization Act and Puerto Rico Research Paper Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA): An Assessment of Puerto Ricos Food Industry Readiness and Preparedness Abstract Preliminary Idea The successful development and implementation of compliance policies and activities in the food industry could be directly associated with the access to information and understanding of the law. Discussions and information found in the literature about the impact of the Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA) implementation has been mainly conducted within the United States. However, limited information is available about the impact of this new law in one of the U.S. territories, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. On this research study FDA Official Inspected Establishments in Puerto Rico were questioned about their readiness and preparedness for FSMA using an on-line survey tool. The purpose of this research is to obtain information that can allow to evaluated if the lack of access to FSMA information and language barriers have a direct effect that limits the readiness and preparedness of the FSMA implementation in Puerto Rico. In progress: include results and conclusion headings/sections Chapter I: Introduction Introduction FSMA implementation represents a big challenge that urges food manufacturers to revise their food safety systems and make decisions about resource allocation to reduce food safety risks in their operations. This new law had been building with several years of high-profile food recalls, foodborne illness outbreak, and consumers advisories (3). Discussions and information found in the literature about the impact of the implementation of FSMA has been mainly conducted within the United States. However, limited information is available about the impact of this new law on the food industry in other U.S. territories. On this research study the information collected allow to examine the readiness and preparedness on FSMA in one of the U.S. territories, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. The island of Puerto Rico is part of the Greater Antilles and since 1898 has been part of the United States (1). This unique status requires that food manufacturers in Puerto Rico comply with all federal regulations that cover the food industry (2). It is important to understand that the challenges faced by food manufacturers in Puerto Rico are not different from their counterparts in the United States. FDA Commissioner Margaret A. Hamburg stated that FSMA calls for the strengthening of existing collaboration among all food safety agencies whether they are Federal, state, local, territorial, tribal, or foreign. Building and leveraging the capacity of these food safety partners is how we can have a well-integrated, national food safety system that is as effective and efficient as it can be (12) (13). In order to achieve these statements it is imperative to collect information, actually not available, about food manufactures readiness and preparedness in Puerto Rico for the implementation of the different requirements established on FSMA. This task represents a big challenge; specific topics about the requirements of the FSMA law are outside the scope of this research study. Taking this limitation in consideration, two research questions are intended to be covered by this study. Is the lack of access to FSMA information limiting readiness of food manufacturers in Puerto Rico? Is the lack of understanding due to language barriers among food manufacturers limiting FSMA preparedness? The participants were defined using the FDA Official Inventory Establishment (OIE) list of food manufacturers in Puerto Rico (Appendix 1). An online survey was used as the instrument to obtain information. The survey questionnaire was distributed among the participants by e-mail and descriptive statistics was used to summarize and analyze the data obtained from the survey. Findings, recommendations and future directions will be discussed to learn more about the food manufacturing industry in Puerto Rico. FSMA Rule Requirements The Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA) is the most significant amendment of United States food law since passage of the 1938 Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (3). It will impact all domestic and imported food products that are not under the jurisdiction of the U.S. Department of Agriculture Food Safety and Inspection Service (USDA-FSIS). FSMA was signed into law on January 4, 2011 and since then food manufacturers have been called upon to start preparing their companies to be in compliance with the new law requirements. FDA identified five key elements where its authority was enhanced. The first element is focusing on preventing food borne illness by requiring mandatory preventive controls, Hazard Analysis Risk Preventive Controls (HARPC), for food facilities and mandatory produce safety standards, and also giving the authority to prevent intentional adulteration. The difference from the Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP) approach is that HARPC is slightly broader requiring identification and controls of hazards generally, not just critical control points (3). The second is by providing the ability to increase FDA inspection frequency based on risk; high-risk facilities will be identified. Third, ability to respond to problems when emerge including authority to conduct mandatory recall for all products, authority to detain products that are in violation, and by suspending facilitys registration. Before, FDA was required to have credible evidence or information than an article of foo d presents a threat of serious adverse health consequences or death to humans or animals with FSMA FDA have the authority to detain an article if the agency has reason to believe that the article of food is adulterated or misbranded (3). The fourth element identified is new requirements for imported products by requiring importers to verify their foreign suppliers have adequate preventive controls. The last element considered is the enhanced of partnerships between FDA by improving training of state, local, and tribal food safety officials (25). In addition, FDA will enhance the partnerships with other food agencies and private entities (24). The FDA is responsible for more than 50 regulations, guidelines, and studies under FSMA, this included seven foundational rules required to fully implement it (See table 1) (25). Among the 7 different rules included in FSMA the well-known part 110 that covers Current Good Manufacturing Practices was removed and replaced it. Now part 117 will covers Good Manufacturing Practice and Hazard Analysis and Risk Controls for Human food and for Growing, Harvesting, Packing and Holdings of Produce for Human Consumption. In addition, it is expected by law that all high-risk domestic firms after the law enactment be inspected in a period of five years and no less than every three years thereafter (3). The FSMA legislations purpose is to renovate the existing approach to food safety by enabling stakeholders to concentrate on preventive controls rather than simply reacting to food safety events (4). Legislative requirements of FSMA can be challenging, especially for small food facilities affected by the regulations immediately or in the near future (4). The new recordkeeping requirements will be science-based and based on the know safety risk of a particular food, including the history and severity of outbreak, and factors related with the likelihood on foodborne illnesses (3). Small and very small plants do not have robust programs in place when compared with larger plants. Historically, small businesses have not had extensive experience with prevalent food safety management systems and standards such as ISO 22000: 2005, SQF code (Safe Quality Food Institute), GFSI guidelines (Global Food Safety Initiative) or HACCP (4). Programs that in most cases larger plants are more familiariz ed (4). In addition, FDA has recognized that small food facilities will likely face financial concerns in the implementation of the preventive control requirements of FSMA because they lack experience with HACCP-based models (4). Nevertheless, the new food safety requirements are the same regardless of size, unless they are partially or fully exempted based on the operations conducted in the facility (5). Small plants and very small plants need to comply within a period of two to three years, respectively, after the publication of the final rule (see table 2) (5). Historical Background and Food Regulatory Structure in Puerto Rico The island of Puerto Rico is similar in size to Connecticut, encompassing 3,492 square miles. The population is about 3.4 million and the main language is Spanish. The island has 6 urban centers designated as Standard Metropolitan areas (SMAs) by the U.S. Census Bureau (6) (7). Puerto Rico and the US Virgin Islands are under the jurisdiction of the FDA San Juan District office located in the capital area of Puerto Rico. This office is the smallest of the FDAs 20 districts, was established back in 1911 and was officially named in 1971. This office reports to the Regional Field Office, Southeast Region in Atlanta, GA (19). In 2013, FDA reported that they regulated 1,500 facilities, approximately half of them from the food industry (8). FDA in San Juan works closely with the local Health Department Environmental Health Food Division, which is in charge of the inspection of food manufacturing facilities. As other states in the U.S. (20), this agency establishes specific regulatory requirements and issues the mandatory sanitary license that covers food operations in the island. In 2016, the Association of Food and Drug Officials (AFDO), under contract to the FDA, shared data on the progress of FDA Food Code adoptions by States, Territories, and Indian Health Se rvice. They reported that Puerto Rico adopted the Food Code version 2009 based in their population (21). Food Regulatory requirements in Puerto Rico are also promulgated by the Puerto Rico Health Department in Departamento de Salud de Puerto Rico Reglamento General de Salud Ambiental No. 6090 4 de febrero de 2000 (18). On this regulations, the CFR tittle 21 is mentioned as the primary reference for compliance. However, in addition of the regulation established in the CFR title 21 there is specific requirements established in Puerto Rico for food products label language, annual license certificationXXXXâ‚ ¬Ã‚ ¦ In addition, there are other agencies in the island that are or may be involve on food safety oversight. The State Department of Agriculture has regulations thru the program of Inspeccion de Mercado that covers produce, coffee and eggs (22). Also, the Departamento de Asuntos al Consumidor (DACO) protect consumers from being deceiving (23). They are involve on informing recalls of imported products marketed in the Island, inspect and removed expired products from shelves and have the authority to enforce civil penalties. Also, they are involving on the inspection of packaging of meat, fruits, vegetable and others food products by enforcing the Reglamento de Empaque (23). It is important to mention that the USDA-FSIS is responsible for ensuring that meat, poultry, and processed egg products produced in Puerto Rico are safe, wholesome, and accurately labeled. Puerto Rico establishments are under the jurisdiction of the FSISs Atlanta, Georgia District (14). Data obtained from the USDA-FSIS in Puerto Rico showed that eighty seven establishments are inspected by FSIS; thirty four of them under dual jurisdiction with FDA. This means that thirty nine percent of these establishments have to comply at some point based on their size with FSMA requirements (15) (appendix 2). Puerto Rico is highly dependent on importations ninety three percent of the food consumed in the island is imported. This is also extremely important to take in consideration since one of the part of FSMA cover importations and foreign supplier verification. Importers will need to institute risk-based foreign supplier verification programs to assure that imported foods are compliance with the new requirements of the law (3). Although much information can be found related to FSMA, information about the impact of this new law in Puerto Rico is limited. An in-depth literature review showed nothing specifically related to Puerto Rico. Recent U.S. Surveys Outcomes Several surveys in the U.S. have already been conducted, covering specific topics on FSMA readiness and preparedness. One of the recent surveys in 2016 was conducted by Sparta Systems Inc. They conduct an online survey about FSMA readiness and compliance strategy. About 153 food and beverage professionals in the U.S. participated in this survey. The results showed that 61% of the participants felt confident that their organizations are prepared for FSMA. Approximately 20% of the respondents from medium-sized companies disagreed that their organizations were ready for FSMA according to additional finding from the survey (9a) (9b). Safety Chain Software and The Acheson Group (TAG) also conducted a survey in 2016. They used an online survey that received more than 400 respondents, including food processors and manufacturers, produce growers/packagers/shippers, warehouse and distribution companies, animal food manufacturers, domestic suppliers, foodservice companies, retailers, import manufacturers, and import and domestic brokers (10b). More than two-thirds of respondents (68 percent) said they were somewhat ready for FSMA. Only 25 percent of respondents indicated they were ready for FSMA, while 6 percent said they werent ready at all. (10a)(10b). These findings indicate that education and preparation for FSMA remain a challenge for some food manufacturers in the U.S. particularly for medium, small and very small processors. Why its important There are many reasons of the importance of complying with the implementation of this new law. But for to make this task achievable it is important to make sure that the information is accessible and understandable by the regulated firms that fall under the law. The ultimately responsible following the different steps that compose this chain is the food manufacturer. The decisions made by them in order to be in compliance will be critical more than ever. Traditional inspecting styles will change becoming more inspection -oriented and enforcement-minded (). Practices that were usually acceptable it maybe not enough to comply with these new inspections styles (). Firms that receive a Warning Letter following an FDA inspections, will be charged for the follow-up inspection (). In addition, if the firm is enforced by an injunction it will be required to close until corrective actions are completed and re-inspected by FDA, at the firm expense. It is important to note that even after being permitted to reopen, the firm remains under court supervision for the foreseeable future (). Moreover, FDA are resurrecting enforcement actions like criminal liability under the Park doctrine. The application of the doctrine establishes that corporate officials can be held criminally liable for violations of the FDC Act in areas of the company under the officials control, even if the official did not intend for the violations to occur (). If information on FSMA is not readily accessible it can limiting readiness of food manufacturers in Puerto Rico that can severely delay their compliance. Also, language may be a barrier on food manufacturers that can limiting FSMA preparedness. Considering that English is part of the educational curriculum of schools in Puerto Rico, contradictorily in 2000 the US Census showed that 45.1 percent of the total of the population of 481,410 people do not speak English (26). This number could have been changed thru the years but Spanish stills is the main language used by the governmental offices in Puerto Rico and the population. Survey Instrument Description The survey instrument used was similar to the ones already used to obtain information from food manufacturers in the U.S. Taking into consideration that the main spoken language is Spanish, questions were provided in both, Spanish and English. The survey begins with a 5-minutes educational video from FDA about FSMA implementation to help participants be introduced into the topic. After completing the video, the participants will complete 16 questions in Likert and multiple selection formats. The questionnaire is divided into the following three parts: Company and Respondent Profile, FSMA and Resources Preferences. (Appendix 3) Sample Selection The initial target population based on the OEI list submitted by FDA includes 786 firms (Appendix 2). Nevertheless, this number drastically changes because data include establishments reporting a last inspection dated in 1970. Furthermore, several firms appear duplicated on the list with exactly the same address information. Water and Ice Plants were also excluded for the purpose of the study. A further research, conducted me to a list NAME in the FDA webpage that seems to be more updated. This list included firms that were inspected for the period of 2008 2016. At the end, the sample used were considering firms that have their last inspection date from 2008. The only contact information of the firm provided in the list was the address and phone number. Industry groups in Puerto Rico, MIDA and PRIDCO, and the Food Industry Forum (FIF) were contacted and provide me with additional information by sharing their members list that include the e-mails information. Also, information found on the webpages PR Supply Chain On-Line and Hecho en Puerto Rico where extremely helpful to retrieve and validate food manufacturers contact information (16)(17). However some firms have been found that closed business at some point during 2008 2016; which was the period selected. At the end, the final revised number that their contact information can be validated roughly finished in 179 inspected firms. Data Collection The survey was classified as exempt by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) (appendix 2). It was open from February 14 to March 20, 2017 (proposed closing date). A total of 179 FDA food inspected firms were invited via e-mail to participate in the survey. From the 179 firms invited 23 e-mails bounced out and 1 opted out. Only 3 firms responded during the period of February 14 to February 27. A second invitation was sent on March 3, something that may affect the participation on the first invitation is that subject line and message were sent in English taking this premise in consideration second invitation subject line and message were sent in Spanish (on progress). In addition, some firms were contacted by phone to encourage them to participate in the survey. Data Analysis The analytical procedure used to evaluate the data collected was descriptive statistical methods. (Waiting for data) By been FSMA compliant food firms should be able to be better prepared to respond to situations that emerge in the day to day. They should switch from reactive and corrective minded to preventive minded by creating strong food safety plans and HARCP programs. Future directions may include a second project that can be used as a follow-up in conjunction with regulatory agencies in Puerto Rico to evaluate and compare the progress of the FSMA implementation among Food Manufacturers. Classification of the industry will be important to organize strategies by focusing on high-risk operations and offer a better guidance to food manufactures. Development of educational strategies such as guidelines, videos, workshops, and educational campaigns may be developed. Better allocating local and federal economical resources food manufacturers with limited resources can be better assisted. Regulatory agencies in Puerto Rico can unify efforts toward food safety compliance to create a strategy. Puerto Rico can used models from other states in U.S. that compiled information of food agencies in their area in a webpage creating a roadmap for food firms making the information easily accessible to food firms. Food regulatory agencies must enforce their partnership between agencies, identify and share available resources between the agencies. Also, it is needed the establishment of periodic revisions and analysis of recorded data to evaluate the progress of the firms. The use of new media tools such webpages and phone apps can expedite the delivering or retrieving of information from food manufacturers in the island. This will help to maintain open communication and keep information updated ensuring the availability of accurate data when it is needed. References (1) Ayala, C. J., Bernabe, R. (2007). Puerto Rico in the American century: A history since 1898. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. (2) Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21, Food and Drug: Pt 1403, App. A, page 282 Revised as of April 1, 2011 (3) Fortin, N. D. (2011). The United States FDA food safety modernization act: The key new requirements. European Food and Feed Law Review: EFFL, 6(5), 260-268. Retrieved from http://ezproxy.msu.edu.proxy1.cl.msu.edu/login?url=http://search.proquest.com.proxy1.cl.msu.edu/docview/903529133?accountid=12598 (4) Grover, A. K., Chopra, S., Mosher, G. A. (2016). Food safety modernization act: A quality management approach to identify and prioritize factors affecting adoption of preventive controls among small food facilities. Food Control, 66, 241-249. doi:10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.02.001 (5) Food and Drug Administration, 2015 Food and Drug Administration FSMA proposed rule for preventive controls for human food(2015, February 21) Retrieved from http://www.fda.gov/Food/GuidanceRegulation/FSMA/ucm334115.htm (6) United States Council for Puerto Rico Statehood http://www.prstatehood.com/about-pr/index.asp (7) United States Census Bureau 2015 Puerto Rico Population Estimates http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?src=bkmk (8) FDA-Island Office Protects Consumers Near and Far http://www.fda.gov/forconsumers/consumerupdates/ucm370079.htm (9a) Sparta Systems Survey Finds Food Beverage Companies Confident in FDA Regulation Preparedness-May 5, 2016 http://www.spartasystems.com/about-us/press-releases/press-archive/press-releases-2016/sparta-systems%E2%80%99-survey-finds-food-beverage-compa (9b) Sparta Systems Food Quality and Safety Survey 2016 http://marketo.spartasystems.com/rs/084-QBA-512/images/Food_Survey_Results_Report_2016.pdf (10a) Food Engineering Are you ready for the FSMA final rules? April 25, 2016 http://www.foodengineeringmag.com/articles/95479-are-you-ready-for-the-fsma-final-rules (10b) 2016 FSMA Readiness Compliance Strategy http://marketing.safetychain.com/acton/attachment/2194/f-01d9/1/-/-/-/-/2016%20FSMA%20Readiness%20%26%20Compliance%20Strategy%20Survey%20Report%20Sponsored%20by%20SafetyChain%20and%20TAG.pdf?sid=TV2:K3Vrv8uFV (11) Kumar, R. (2014). Research methodology: A step-by-step guide for beginners (4th ed.). London: SAGE. Chapter 12 (12) Strauss, D. M. (2011). An analysis of the FDA food safety modernization act: Protection for consumers and boon for business. Food and Drug Law Journal, 66(3), 353 (13) Margaret A. Hamburg. Food Safety Modernization Act: Putting the Focus on Prevention, Jan. 3. 2011, https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/blog/2011/01/03/food-safety-modernization-act-putting-focus-prevention (14) The Food Safety and Inspection Service in Puerto Rico https://www.fsis.usda.gov/wps/wcm/connect/8d8574dc-4d0a-4b36-8667-039d8f5f6aac/PR.pdf?MOD=AJPERES (15) Data enviada por OEIO Sepulveda -Evans, J.R. and Lindsay, W.M. (2011),Managing for Quality and Performance Excellence, 8th ed., South-Western Cengage Learning, Mason, OH, pp. 554-555. -Cobb, C. (2000), Knowledge management and quality systems,The 54th Annual Quality Congress Proceedings, 2000, American Society for Quality, pp. 276-287. -Teskey, S., Nassar, M. and Buciarelli, R. (2010),Food Safety: Beyond the Standards How to Build a Culture of Food Safety to Protect Your Customers and Your Brand , Delloite and Touche LLP, available at: www.deloitte.com/assets/DcomCanada/Local%20Assets/Documents/Consulting/call%20for%20papers/ca_en_ers_FoodSafety_230910.pdf (accessed March 5,2012). (16) http://hechoenpr.com/directorio-de-servicios-y-productos/ (17) https://www.prsupplychainonline.com/PRSCO/search.jsf (18) http://cayey.upr.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/07/REGLAMENTO-GENERAL-SALUD-AMBIENTAL.pdf (19) ORA Regional Field Office, Southeast Region, Atlanta, GA Organizational Chart https://www.fda.gov/AboutFDA/CentersOffices/OrganizationCharts/ucm351289.htm (20) State Retail and Food Service Codes and Regulations by State https://www.fda.gov/Food/GuidanceRegulation/RetailFoodProtection/FoodCode/ucm122814.htm (21) FDA- Real Progress in Food Code Adoption 02/22/2016 (last visited 02/26/2017) https://www.fda.gov/downloads/Food/GuidanceRegulation/RetailFoodProtection/FoodCode/UCM476819.pdf (22) Departamento de Agricultura de Puerto Rico Inspeccià ³n de Mercados http://www2.pr.gov/agencias/Agricultura/SAIA/InspeccionMercados/Pages/Leyes-y-Reglamentos.aspx (23) Departamento de Asuntos del Consumidor DACO http://daco.pr.gov/sobre-nosotros (24) Susan A. Schneider, Notes on Food Law: An Overview of the Food Safety Modernization Act, October 10, 2011  · 2011 Ark. L. Notes 650 (25) Renà ©e Johnson, Congressional Research Service, Implementation of the FDA Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA, P.L. 111-353) December 2016 (26) Fishman, J. A., Garcia, O. (2011). Handbook of language ethnic identity. 2 : The success-failure continuum in language and ethnic identity efforts. Chapter 9 Learning English in Puerto Rico: An Approach-Avoidance Conflict? Oxford: Oxford University Press. Table 1 Seven Foundational Rules Required to Fully Implement FSMA Congressional Research Service Implementation, December 16, 2016 (1) Preventive Controls for Human Food: Requires that food facilities have safety plans that set forth how they will identify and minimize hazards (FSMA  §103). (2) Preventive Controls for Animal Food: Establishes Current Good Manufacturing Practices and preventive controls for food for animals (FSMA  §103). (3) Produce Safety: Establishes science-based standards for growing, harvesting, packing, and holding produce on domestic and foreign farms (FSMA  §105(a)). (4) Foreign Supplier Verification Program: Importers will be required to verify that food imported into the United States has been produced in a manner that provides the same level of public health protection as that required of U.S. food producers (FSMA  §301(a)). (5) Third Party Certification: Establishes a program for the accreditation of third-party auditors to conduct food safety audits and issue certifications of foreign facilities producing food for humans or animals (FSMA  §307). (6) Sanitary Transportation: Requires those who transport food to use sanitary practices to ensure the safety of food (FSMA  §111). (7) Intentional Adulteration: Requires domestic and foreign facilities to address vulnerable processes in their operations to prevent acts intended to cause large-scale public harm (FSMA  §106(b)) Table 2 Classification of food facilities as per the